Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41508048›Full record

Trial reportJournal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation2026

Evaluating fluid-filled glasses for motion sickness symptom mitigation in a computer-assisted rehabilitation environment (CAREN).

Megan Germansky, Kendall Clark, Josh Himes, Angel Islas, Samuel Bliese, Jared Denton, Daniel DeBarr, Christina Esposito, William Denton, Chase Irwin and 1 more

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Megan GermanskyDepartment of Physical Therapy, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.
Kendall ClarkDepartment of Physical Therapy, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.
Josh HimesDepartment of Physical Therapy, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.
Angel IslasDepartment of Physical Therapy, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.
Samuel BlieseDepartment of Physical Therapy, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.
Jared DentonDepartment of Optometry, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.
Daniel DeBarrDepartment of Physical Therapy, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.
Christina EspositoDepartment of Optometry, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.
William DentonDepartment of Optometry, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.
Chase IrwinDepartment of Research and Sponsored Programs, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.
Celeste DelapDepartment of Physical Therapy, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA. cdelap@midwestern.edu.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundMotion sickness arises from sensory conflict between visual, vestibular, and somatosensory inputs, causing nausea, dizziness, and vomiting. Non-pharmacological interventions are underexplored despite their potential for accessibility and safety. This study evaluated (1) Computer-Assisted Rehabilitation Environment (CAREN) as a novel tool to induce motion sickness and (2) the efficacy of fluid-filled motion sickness glasses which create an artificial horizon to counteract peripheral visual-vestibular mismatch and reduce symptoms.

methodsA randomized controlled trial was conducted with thirty motion sickness-susceptible participants (23 females, 7 males; median age 34.2 years). Participants were exposed to a standardized "scrambler" ride simulation via CAREN, which combined vestibular and visual motion stimuli. The intervention group (n = 15) wore fluid-filled frames, while the placebo group (n = 14) wore identical glasses with drained fluid. Symptoms were assessed pre/post using the Motion Sickness Assessment Questionnaire (MSAQ) and every 60 s during exposure using the Motion Illness Symptoms Classification (MISC) scale. Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann-Whitney U tests compared outcomes.

resultsCAREN significantly induced motion sickness, with median MSAQ scores increasing from 17.0 (IQR: 16.0-19.0) pre-exposure to 40.5 (IQR: 27.0-57.0) post-exposure (p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed between intervention and placebo groups in symptom reduction (median MSAQ increase: 31.0 vs. 16.0, p = 0.15) or glasses-wearing duration (p = 0.89).

conclusionsCAREN reliably induced motion sickness, supporting its utility for controlled research. However, the motion sickness glasses did not significantly alleviate symptoms compared to placebo in this pilot study. It is possible that peripheral visual cues from fluid-filled glasses may be insufficient to counteract sensory mismatch. Further research should explore larger sample sizes and alternative non-pharmacological interventions using CAREN's controlled environment. TRAIL REGISTRATION: This trial was not prospectively registered in a public registry as it was a limited internal study within the Midwestern University community. The study received ethical approval from our Institutional Review Board (IRB #24-0155), and informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Indexed as

EyeglassesMotion SicknessTherapy, Computer-AssistedAdultFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedYoung AdultComputer-assisted rehabilitation environment (CAREN)Motion sicknessNonpharmacological interventionPostural controlRehabilitation technologySensory conflictVirtual realityWearable devices

Identifiers

PMID41508048
PMCPMC12882250

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.