ReviewInternational journal of emergency medicine2026
Seeing beyond the numbers: capnography as a vital tool in pediatric emergency care.
Review in International journal of emergency medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeEnd-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO₂) monitoring is a vital, noninvasive technique for assessing ventilation, circulatory status, and predicting adverse events in pediatric emergency departments (EDs). This review aims to synthesize current evidence, examine barriers, and highlight strategies to optimize ETCO₂ monitoring in pediatric emergency settings.
methodsA narrative review of the literature was conducted, encompassing epidemiological data, clinical guidelines, expert consensus statements, and recent studies targeting ETCO₂ monitoring in pediatric emergencies. Key topics evaluated include physiological principles, airway management, prognostic value in cardiac arrest, procedural sedation safety, sepsis triage, limitations, and future directions. Data from both high- and low-resource settings were included.
resultsETCO₂ monitoring demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity for confirming endotracheal tube placement and early detection of respiratory compromise-identifying hypoventilation, apnea, and airway obstruction minutes before pulse oximetry. During CPR, persistently low ETCO₂ values correlate with poor outcomes, while sudden increases signal return of spontaneous circulation. In procedural sedation, routine capnography reduces hypoxic episodes and adverse events. In sepsis, ETCO₂ inversely correlates with lactate levels, offering a rapid, non-invasive marker of perfusion, though its reliability diminishes in multisystemic shock. Challenges include equipment limitations, provider training gaps, lack of universal protocols, and cost barriers-especially in low-resource settings.
conclusionETCO₂ monitoring is an essential tool in pediatric emergency care, enhancing safety and clinical decision-making across multiple scenarios. Addressing implementation barriers through education, standardized protocols, and accessible technology is crucial to ensure widespread adoption and improved outcomes for critically ill children.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.