ArticleAnnals of translational medicine2025
Time-dependent effects of formalin fixation on magnetic resonance imaging relaxation times in
Article in Annals of translational medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Simultaneous 3-D Adiabatic TNMR in biomedicine · 2026Article
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6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based Methods: A total of 19 clot samples from 13 patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy were evaluated. The samples were imaged fresh, after <6 hours of formalin fixation, and after >24 hours of formalin fixation. T1, T2, and T2* relaxation time maps were created and evaluated over the fixation stages. Linear mixed-effects models were used to assess the effect of fixation stage and biological covariates, including clot age, patient age, and body mass index (BMI). Results: Formalin fixation induced significant reductions in T1 and T2 relaxation times. T1 decreased from 1,801.6±236.3 ms (fresh) to 1,205.0±491.6 ms (>24 h formalin, P<0.001). T2 declined from 77.6±16.5 ms (fresh) to 44.3±13.8 ms (>24 h formalin). Most T2 reduction occurred within the first 6 hours of fixation. T2* values showed minimal changes across fixation stages. Higher BMI and older clot age were significantly associated with shorter T1 values, while no covariates influenced T2 or T2*. Conclusions: Formalin fixation substantially alters T1 and T2 relaxation times in thrombus tissue, while T2* remains relatively stable. These findings highlight the necessity of accounting for fixation effects and patient-specific biological factors when designing and interpreting
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