ArticleEuropean journal of immunology2026
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination Leads to Transient Humoral and B Cell Bystander Responses in Adults.
Article in European journal of immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination Leads to Transient Humoral and B Cell Bystander Responses in Adults.European journal of immunology · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
24 authors.
Funding
Abstract
After antigen encounter, long-lived antibody-secreting cells (ASC) secrete high-affinity circulating antibodies. In addition, memory B cells (MBC) are quickly reactivated upon antigen re-exposure and predominantly generate shorter-lived ASCs. Studies have suggested that MBC can differentiate into ASCs without recognizing their cognate antigen, a process known as "bystander activation". This antigen-independent reactivation of MBC could help maintain circulating antibody levels, thereby protecting against future infections. To elucidate whether SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination leads to bystander activation of B cells, the dynamics of antibody concentrations against six pathogen-specific antigens not encountered during the sampling period were analyzed over time. Deep profiling of antigen-specific B cell responses was simultaneously performed using multiparameter high-dimensional spectral flow cytometry. Antibody concentrations against tetanus toxoid (TT), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza hemagglutinin (HA) unexpectedly increased 6 weeks after the first SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Deep profiling of B cell differentiation stages demonstrated a short-term increase in influenza-specific IgG+ DN3 B cells, RSV-specific IgG+ CD11c+ activated B cells, and TT-specific IgG+ MBC following vaccination. In this study, we demonstrated at both the antibody and cellular levels that SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination transiently activates distinct early activated B cell compartments directed against influenza HA, RSV, and TT.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.