ArticleBMC pregnancy and childbirth2026
Surgical site infection and associated factors among women who underwent cesarean delivery at Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Article in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundSurgical site infection continues to be among the most serious postoperative complications of cesarean delivery, leading to maternal morbidity and additional healthcare cost. Despite the rising trend of cesarean deliveries, evidence on the magnitude and risk factors of surgical site infection in local hospitals in Ethiopia remains limited. This study aimed to assess the magnitude and associated factors of surgical site infection among women who underwent cesarean delivery at Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
methodsAn institution-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted from 25 August to 15 September 2025 among women who underwent cesarean delivery at Gandhi Memorial Hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia between 1 May 2023 and 30 April 2025. A total of 485 medical records were selected using a systematic sampling technique. Data were collected from women's medical records via a structured checklist and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, and bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Statistical significance was declared at a p- value < 0.05 with a 95% CI.
resultsAmong the reviewed records, 31 (6.4%; 95% CI: 4.49-8.36) women developed surgical site infection. Repeated digital vaginal examination (AOR = 2.44 (1.41, 5.19) increases the risk of bacterial introduction; delayed timing of prophylactic antibiotic (AOR = 2.32 (1.23, 4.29) reduces protective coverage at the time of incision; absence of vaginal cleansing right before surgery (AOR = 3.75 (1.26, 11.17) likely increases bacterial load and postoperative hemoglobin level < 11 g/dl (AOR = 5.16 (1.76, 11.19)) may reduce immune capacity. All were significantly associated with surgical site infection.
conclusionThis study found lower surgical site infection rates compared to previous Ethiopian studies; however, it remains a critical postoperative concern. Reducing frequent digital vaginal examinations, ensuring timely prophylactic antibiotics, promoting preoperative vaginal cleansing, and maintaining adequate maternal hemoglobin levels are critical to further reduce the risk of SSI. The retrospective nature of the study limits assessment of some factors, including operating room conditions.
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