ArticleNPJ digital medicine2026
Effectiveness of large language models in preoperative and discharge education: a systematic review based on an evaluation framework.
Article in NPJ digital medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- The potential of large language models to address patients' preoperative questions before anterior cervical discectomy and fusion surgery.Annals of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Fine-Tuning, Retrieval-Augmented Generation, and Hybrid Large Language Models for Postoperative Decision Support: Comparative Analysis.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Article
- Evaluating the Performance of Large Language Models for Breast Cancer Patient Education: A Comparative Study.Journal of cancer education : the official journal of the American Association for Cancer Education · 2026Article
- Explainable artificial intelligence for postoperative analgesia risk stratification and clinical decision support in abdominal surgery.Frontiers in digital health · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly incorporated into preoperative and discharge education, yet their effectiveness and the ways in which they are evaluated remain inconsistent. This systematic review assessed the effectiveness of LLM-based interventions and identified evidence gaps relevant to understanding how model characteristics may influence patient outcomes. We searched five databases from inception to April 18, 2025, ultimately including twenty studies. Outcomes were narratively synthesized, and interventions were evaluated using a published four-dimension framework, with reporting patterns visualized through a heatmap. Many studies reported benefits for anxiety reduction and selected satisfaction domains, whereas findings for pain, recovery, and other satisfaction elements showed no significant differences from conventional materials. Reporting of evaluation sub-dimensions was uneven, with trustworthiness and performance rarely documented alongside clinical endpoints. These gaps highlight the need for future research that integrates model-centric and patient-centric evaluations to support responsible clinical deployment.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.