Nonlinear magneto-radiative bioconvection of Casson penta-hybrid nanofluid with microorganisms under inclined magnetic field and quadratic radiation for drug delivery.

This study aims to explore the complex heat and mass transfer behavior in blood-based Casson penta hybrid nanofluid (PHNF) flow through a squeezing channel, with the novelty lying in the simultaneous consideration of inclined magnetic field, nonlinear thermal radiation, and microbial activity an integrated configuration not previously examined in literature. The work addresses a key research gap by analyzing how penta hybrid nanoparticles and microorganisms interact within a biofluid system, providing new insights into the coupled thermal, concentration, and biological transport mechanisms. The governing partial differential equations are systematically reduced to ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations, and the resulting system is solved via the differential transform method (DTM) to ensure robust and accurate results. The findings demonstrate that increasing the squeezing parameter reduces temperature, concentration, and microorganism profiles, while higher magnetic intensity and magnetic inclination angle enhance the temperature profile. In contrast, increasing the shape factor and thermal radiation parameters decreases temperature, and greater reaction and Schmidt numbers reduce both concentration and microorganism profiles. Notably, an increase in the magnetic parameter improves the skin friction coefficient and the Nusselt number, while higher Schmidt and reaction parameters enhance the Sherwood number. Quantitatively, the use of PHNF enhances the Nusselt number by 10.8% compared to a single nanofluid, indicating superior heat transfer performance. Additionally, the microbe flux from the surface is elevated with increasing Schmidt, Peclet, and reaction parameters. These insights have direct implications for biomedical engineering, offering valuable guidance for the design of advanced drug delivery systems, hyperthermia treatments, and diagnostic devices that require precise manipulation of blood flow and thermal properties in the presence of nanoparticles and biological agents.