Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41501100›Full record

ArticleScientific data2026

Figurative Archive: an open dataset and web-based application for the study of metaphor.

Maddalena Bressler, Veronica Mangiaterra, Paolo Canal, Federico Frau, Fabrizio Luciani, Biagio Scalingi, Chiara Barattieri di San Pietro, Chiara Battaglini, Chiara Pompei, Fortunata Romeo and 2 more

Abstract readDataset
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific data, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Maddalena Bressler *Laboratory of Neurolinguistics and Experimental Pragmatics (NEPLab), University School for Advanced Studies IUSS, Pavia, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0000-4911-7822
Veronica Mangiaterra *Laboratory of Neurolinguistics and Experimental Pragmatics (NEPLab), University School for Advanced Studies IUSS, Pavia, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0001-7852-5259
Paolo CanalLaboratory of Neurolinguistics and Experimental Pragmatics (NEPLab), University School for Advanced Studies IUSS, Pavia, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6188-5656
Federico FrauLaboratory of Neurolinguistics and Experimental Pragmatics (NEPLab), University School for Advanced Studies IUSS, Pavia, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4567-782X
Fabrizio LucianiLaboratory of Neurolinguistics and Experimental Pragmatics (NEPLab), University School for Advanced Studies IUSS, Pavia, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0000-9534-1518
Biagio ScalingiLaboratory of Neurolinguistics and Experimental Pragmatics (NEPLab), University School for Advanced Studies IUSS, Pavia, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4600-0404
Chiara Barattieri di San PietroLaboratory of Neurolinguistics and Experimental Pragmatics (NEPLab), University School for Advanced Studies IUSS, Pavia, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4407-7037
Chiara BattagliniLaboratory of Neurolinguistics and Experimental Pragmatics (NEPLab), University School for Advanced Studies IUSS, Pavia, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0000-5488-4612
Chiara PompeiLaboratory of Neurolinguistics and Experimental Pragmatics (NEPLab), University School for Advanced Studies IUSS, Pavia, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4381-3947
Fortunata RomeoLaboratory of Neurolinguistics and Experimental Pragmatics (NEPLab), University School for Advanced Studies IUSS, Pavia, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0004-6609-7420
Luca BischettiLaboratory of Neurolinguistics and Experimental Pragmatics (NEPLab), University School for Advanced Studies IUSS, Pavia, Italy. luca.bischetti@iusspavia.it.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8875-1092
Valentina BambiniLaboratory of Neurolinguistics and Experimental Pragmatics (NEPLab), University School for Advanced Studies IUSS, Pavia, Italy. valentina.bambini@iusspavia.it.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5770-228X

Funding

EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council) 101045733
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Research on metaphor has steadily increased over the last decades, as this phenomenon opens a window into a range of linguistic and cognitive processes. At the same time, the demand for rigorously constructed and extensively normed experimental materials increased as well. Here, we present the Figurative Archive, an open database of 996 metaphors in Italian enriched with ratings and corpus-based measures (from familiarity to semantic distance and preferred interpretations), derived by collecting stimuli used across 11 studies. It includes both everyday and literary metaphors, varying in structure and semantic domains, and is validated based on correlations between familiarity and other measures. The Archive has several aspects of novelty: it is increased in size compared to previous resources; it offers a measure of metaphor inclusiveness, to comply with recommendations for non-discriminatory language use; it is displayed in a web-based interface, with features for a customized consultation. We provide guidelines for using the Archive to source materials for studies investigating metaphor processing and the relationships between metaphor features in humans and computational models.

Indexed as

MetaphorHumansInternetItalyLanguageSemantics

Identifiers

PMID41501100
PMCPMC12864894

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.