ArticleBMJ open2026
Psychometric validation of the Internalised Stigma Scale for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (ISS-GDM): a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Women's experiences of navigating gestational diabetes in Denmark: a qualitative study of healthcare and self-care, with a focus on dietary education and delivery.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
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Abstract
objectivesTo develop and validate the Internalised Stigma Scale for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (ISS-GDM), a questionnaire measuring self-reported internalised stigma among women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We hypothesised that internalised GDM stigma could be reliably and validly assessed through a short psychometric instrument.
designCross-sectional validation study.
settingFollow-up data from the Danish, multicentre Face-it trial for women with prior GDM and their families.
participantsIn total, 248 women completed the ISS-GDM approximately 1 year after their GDM affected pregnancy. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was psychometric properties of the ISS-GDM, assessed using Cronbach's alpha, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Rasch analysis (RA). Secondary outcomes included identification of item anomalies (local response dependence, differential item functioning).
resultsA large proportion of respondents endorsed statements reflecting self-disappointment, self-blame and an altered self-perception. Less endorsed statements included feeling inferior to other mothers or guilt towards family members due to GDM. The ISS-GDM demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties. CFA indicated that item 2 assessing self-perceived capabilities as a mother did not load onto the main factor, while CFA and RA identified local response dependence and differential item functioning by body mass index. After adjustments, a two-factor solution supported calculating a sum score of items 1 and 3-11, with item 2 retained as a stand-alone indicator of perceived parenting capabilities. The 10-item scale demonstrated acceptable reliability (Cronbach's alpha=0.78).
conclusionsThe ISS-GDM is a reliable and valid tool for assessing internalised stigma among women with prior GDM. Our findings further suggest that a substantial proportion of women with prior GDM experience self-blame and an altered self-perception due to their diagnosis. The ISS-GDM scale enables research into its prevalence, severity and consequences.
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