ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2026
Temporal and spatial distributions and clustering features of soil-transmitted helminthiases on Hainan Island: A retrospective study from 2017-2023.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveTo summarize the epidemiological status and transmission dynamics of soil-transmitted helminthiases (STHs) in Hainan Island from 2017 to 2023, providing an evidence-based foundation for optimizing future control strategies.
methodsFrom 2017 to 2023, two mobile and one fixed surveillance sites were selected annually from 18 counties/cities in Hainan Island. Each site was divided into five geographical zones (east, west, south, north, and central), with one administrative village randomly chosen from each zone. At least 200 local residents aged ≥ 3 years were enrolled per village, totalling ≥ 1,000 participants per site. Fresh stool samples (≥ 30 g) were collected for modified Kato-Katz thick smear examination (two slides per sample) to detect hookworm, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Enterobius vermicularis eggs. Perianal cellophane tape swabs were used for E. vermicularis screening in children aged 3-9 years. Infection prevalence was calculated, and demographic differences were analysed by using the chi-square test. Temporal trends were assessed via Joinpoint regression analysis. ArcGIS 10.8 was used to construct a spatial database, perform kernel density estimation (KDE), and calculate global and local Moran's I indices for spatial aggregation analysis.
resultsA total of 29,669 individuals from 128 administrative villages across 88 townships in 18 county-level divisions were monitored. The overall STH infection rate was 5.76% (1,710/29,669), with hookworms (3.47%), A. lumbricoides (0.88%), T. trichiura (0.10%), and E. vermicularis (1.45%) as the dominant species. The infection rate showed a significant downward trend (AAPC = -18.99, P < 0.05). Regional differences were evident (χ2 = 735.316, P < 0.001), with the highest rate in Danzhou City (18.96%) and the lowest rate in Ding'an County (0.39%). Infection rates varied significantly by sex, age, ethnicity, occupation, and education level (all P < 0.001). Global spatial autocorrelation indicated clustering of T. trichiura infections (Moran's I = 0.137, Z = 1.983, P < 0.05). Local autocorrelation identified high-high clustering in Baisha County and low-low clustering in Haikou City and adjacent areas. KDE analysis revealed core high-density zones in Wuzhishan City and neighbouring counties, with secondary hotspots in Danzhou City and the Tunchang-Qionghai-Ding'an corridor.
conclusionAlthough STH infection rates in Hainan Island have consistently declined, central-southern mountainous counties and vulnerable groups (e.g., children and older people) require sustained surveillance and targeted interventions to consolidate control efforts.
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