Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41499231›Full record

ArticleThe Journal of school health2026

Adapting to the Disconnection: An Examination of School Alienation and Adolescent Gun Carrying.

Joshua Rosenbaum, Kenneth Lomenzo, Peyton Stephenson, D'Andre Walker

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in The Journal of school health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Joshua RosenbaumDepartment of Criminal Justice and Legal Studies, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7330-5619
Kenneth LomenzoDepartment of Criminal Justice and Legal Studies, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0928-5616
Peyton StephensonDepartment of Criminal Justice and Legal Studies, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2874-1755
D'Andre WalkerDepartment of Criminal Justice and Legal Studies, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9070-8912

Funding

Wave IV Data CollectionP01HD031921 · NICHD · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI HARRIS, KATHLEEN MULLAN · 1994 to 2020
$86.1M
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health): Wave VII Core ProjectU01AG071448 · NIA · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI ROBERT A HUMMER · 2021 to 2026
$40.2M
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health): Wave VI Cognition and Early Risk Factors for Dementia ProjectU01AG071450 · NIA · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI AIELLO, ALLISON E, HUMMER, ROBERT A · 2021 to 2025
$16.2M
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development P01 HD31921NIA NIH HHS U01 AG071448NIA NIH HHS U01 AG071450NICHD NIH HHS P01 HD031921University of North Carolina
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveAs school shootings and youth gun violence continue to rise in the United States, it is imperative to identify risk factors linked to gun carrying among adolescents. This study examines the relationship between perceived school alienation and the likelihood of adolescents carrying a gun to school. Specifically, it tests whether school alienation increases adolescent inclination to carry a gun to school.

methodsThis study used an all-male sample from waves I (1994-1995) and II (1996) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) with a final analytic sample size of (N = 6577). A logistic regression model was estimated to assess the relationship between school alienation and gun carrying, controlling for statistically relevant variables such as gang membership.

resultsOur analysis revealed a positive and significant relationship between school alienation and gun carrying among adolescent males. More specifically, as school alienation increased, adolescents' odds of carrying a gun to school also increased by 9%. IMPLICATIONS FOR SCHOOL HEALTH, POLICY, PRACTICE, AND EQUITY: Readily accessible mental health resources should be implemented within schools for students that may show early signs of alienation, in attempts to lower the prevalence of gun carrying within schools.

conclusionsFindings suggest that school alienation is attributed to an increased inclination to subsequently carry a gun to school among adolescent males.

Indexed as

Adolescent BehaviorFirearmsGun ViolenceSchoolsSocial AlienationStudentsAdolescentHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleRisk FactorsUnited States

Identifiers

PMID41499231
PMCPMC12902929

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.