Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41499011›Full record

ArticleAnnals of biomedical engineering2026

Assessment of Dog-Leash Pulling Force and the Impact of Dog-Walking on Gait Kinematics.

Alex Peebles, Michael Bennett, Samantha Morrison, Julio Ramirez-Reyes, Ji Chen, Lara Thompson

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Annals of biomedical engineering, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Alex PeeblesDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of the District of Columbia, Building 42 Room 212-N, 4200 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20008, USA. alexander.peebles@udc.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4448-2000
Michael BennettDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of the District of Columbia, Building 42 Room 212-N, 4200 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20008, USA.
Samantha MorrisonBiomedical Engineering Program, University of the District of Columbia, Building 42 Room 212-N, 4200 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20008, USA.
Julio Ramirez-ReyesDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of the District of Columbia, Building 42 Room 212-N, 4200 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20008, USA.
Ji ChenDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of the District of Columbia, Building 42 Room 212-N, 4200 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20008, USA.
Lara ThompsonDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of the District of Columbia, Building 42 Room 212-N, 4200 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20008, USA.

Funding

NIA MSTEM: Advancing Diversity in Aging Research through Undergraduate Education at the University of the District of ColumbiaR25AG067896 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA · PI THOMPSON, LARA A · 2020 to 2024
$1.5M
National Science Foundation 2229575NIA NIH HHS R25AG067896
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purpose1) Characterize the magnitude and consistency of dog-leash tension during routine walks in an at-home setting and 2) determine the effects of walking with a dog on-leash on gait intensity and variability.

methodsA wireless system was designed to simultaneously measure dog-leash tension and gait kinematics. Twenty human subjects took their dog for one routine walk in their home environment and repeated the same walk without their dog for comparison. Peak force and peak loading rate were computed during periods of non-gait and during each stride and characterized using standard statistical metrics. Gait intensity and variability metrics were compared between trials (walking with a dog versus walking alone) using paired samples t-tests.

resultsThe largest pulling event recorded was during a period of non-gait, with a force of 412.5 N and loading rate of 2868.7 N/s. Half of our participants experienced leash tension of 125 N or greater when walking their dog. Participants had increased stride time variability (p = 0.035) and decreased power spectral density amplitude in the vertical (p = 0.016) and anteroposterior directions (p = 0.003) when walking with a dog compared to walking alone. Gait intensity metrics were not different between walking conditions.

conclusionSome dog owners routinely experience dog-pulling forces that pose a risk of injury to musculoskeletal tissue directly and indirectly through accidental falls. There is a large amount of between- and within-subject variability in leash pulling metrics. Walking a dog on-leash challenges dynamic balance, as reflected through increased gait variability.

Indexed as

GaitWalkingAdultAnimalsBiomechanical PhenomenaDogsFemaleHumansMaleYoung AdultBalanceCanineDevice designFall riskGait

Identifiers

PMID41499011

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.