ArticleApoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death2026
Gut fungi exacerbates gallstone formation by activating neutrophil extracellular traps in the liver.
Article in Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Biliary microbiota and metabolic reprogramming in gallstone-associated gallbladder cancer: evidence from bile, stones, mucosa and tumor tissue.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Neutrophil extracellular traps in antifungal immunity: mechanisms, dual roles, regulatory networks, and clinical perspectives.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The involvement of gut microbiota in metabolic disorders, including gallstones, has been increasingly reported, mainly focusing on the study of gut bacteria. However, as a relatively small proportion of intestinal microorganisms, the homeostasis of fungi still plays an important role in maintaining the health of the body. Our study showed that compared with healthy volunteers, patients with gallstones showed intestinal fungal dysregulation, which was marked by increased fungal biodiversity and changes in composition. At the same time, patients with gallstones also showed changes in fungal-bacterial interactions. In order to determine the role of intestinal fungal dysbiosis in gallstone formation, we administered fluconazole (a broad-spectrum antifungal drug) to C57 mice on a lithogenic diet and found that the formation of gallstones in mice treated with fluconazole was reduced. We then gavaged mice with Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and discovered that it can promote gallstone formation. Further analysis, including liver metabolism determination, liver immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, revealed that intestinal fungi promoted liver neutrophil infiltration and neutrophil extracellular trap formation to aggravate gallstone formation. In addition, through liver transcriptome sequencing, we found that the effect of fluconazole on intestinal fungi may hinder the formation of gallstones by regulating multiple targets related to gallstones. In summary, our study determined the role of intestinal fungal disorders in promoting gallstone formation, and fluconazole can effectively inhibit gallstone formation.
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