Observational studySubstance use & addiction journal2026
History of Naloxone Possession Among Rural and Urban Individuals Participating in Prison-Based Treatment: An Observational Study.
Observational study in Substance use & addiction journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIndividuals involved in the criminal-legal system, particularly those incarcerated in prisons, are highly impacted by the opioid epidemic. Individuals from rural areas who are incarcerated may face disparate access to naloxone, the agent used to reverse opioid-induced respiratory depression. This objective of this study was to describe pre-incarceration possession of naloxone among rural and urban individuals incarcerated in state prisons.
methodsAs part of the
resultsAbout 56% of the sample had personally experienced opioid overdose. Prior to incarceration, 47% had ever possessed naloxone and 36% reported recent possession of naloxone. Rural individuals were significantly less likely than urban individuals to report lifetime naloxone possession (odds ratio [OR] = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.35-0.96,
conclusionsIn this sample recruited from Kentucky prisons, many individuals had experienced an overdose prior to incarceration, but few had naloxone. Given the significant disparities between rural and urban individuals in naloxone possession prior to incarceration, greater access to naloxone at prison release and in communities is urgently needed.
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