ReviewAnnals of medicine and surgery (2012)2026
Breaking the resistance: a narrative review of the evolution from traditional drugs to precision therapies in epilepsy.
Review in Annals of medicine and surgery (2012), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, affecting approximately 50 million individuals globally. While conventional antiseizure medications (ASMs) control seizures in 70-80% of patients, about 30% experience drug resistance or intolerable side effects, necessitating alternative approaches. Objective: To critically compare the efficacy, safety, and accessibility of conventional and emerging therapies for epilepsy, particularly in the context of treatment-resistant cases and global disparities in care. Methods: This narrative review synthesized evidence from 120 peer-reviewed articles published between 2015 and 2025. Literature was retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus using predefined search terms related to epilepsy treatments. Comparative analysis included therapeutic mechanisms, clinical outcomes, and implementation barriers. Results: Conventional treatments such as phenytoin, valproate, levetiracetam, surgical resection, ketogenic diet, and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) offer 70-80% seizure control. However, emerging therapies are gaining prominence. Cannabidiol (CBD) demonstrates a 30-50% seizure reduction, while responsive neurostimulation (RNS) achieves 50-70% efficacy, especially in drug-resistant epilepsy. Despite these advancements, a 75% treatment gap persists in low-income countries due to limited resources, access, and trained personnel. Conclusion: Emerging therapies hold promise for managing refractory epilepsy, yet global disparities limit their reach. Precision medicine strategies must be coupled with efforts to improve access in underserved regions. This review provides practical insights for personalized care and advocates for increased investment in equitable treatment infrastructure.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.