ArticleSmall science2026
DNA-Loaded Nanoparticles Reprogram the Tumor Immune Microenvironment to Treat Brain Tumors.
Article in Small science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- EBF1 Deficiency Drives Prostate Cancer Progression by Interfering with the Transcriptional Regulation ofOncology research · 2026Article
- Article
- DNA-Loaded Nanoparticles Reprogram the Tumor Immune Microenvironment to Treat Brain Tumors.Small science · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Despite advances in treatment and therapeutic strategies, patients with brain tumors, including glioblastoma (GBM) and meningioma, still face high rates of recurrence, morbidity, and mortality. Nonviral biodegradable nanoparticles are advanced materials with the potential to reprogram brain tumor cells and the tumor immune microenvironment. Localized delivery of poly(beta-amino ester) nanoparticles encapsulating immunostimulatory genes is utilized to reprogram brain tumor cells into tumor-associated antigen-presenting cells (tAPCs) by inducing overexpression of costimulatory 4-1BBL on the surface of brain tumor cells and IL-12 secreted into the tumor microenvironment. In both a humanized mouse model using human meningioma (IOMM-Lee) and an immunocompetent syngeneic orthotopic model using mouse GBM (CT-2A), delivery of 4-1BBL/IL-12 DNA-loaded nanoparticles results in reduced tumor growth, as well as complete tumor regression and long-term survival in some animals. The 4-1BBL/IL-12 gene delivery platform is an antigen-agnostic, off-the-shelf biotechnology that can successfully activate cytotoxic T-cells in tumors, improve tumor infiltration by immune cells, and enhance antitumor responses to otherwise refractory brain tumors. This nanoparticle reprogramming approach can lead to safe, long-lasting endogenous cellular immune responses that specifically target multiple types of brain tumors that exhibit antigen heterogeneity in a patient-accessible manner without using viruses or ex vivo cellular manufacturing.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.