Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41496381›Full record

Trial reportNeuroImage. Clinical2026

The effects of transcranial random noise stimulation on excitation/inhibition balance in ADHD.

Ornella Dakwar-Kawar, Amal Jude Ashwin Francis, Renu Arya, Noam Mairon, Jyoti Mishra, Itai Berger, Roi Cohen Kadosh, Pragathi Priyadharsini Balasubramani, Mor Nahum

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in NeuroImage. Clinical, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Ornella Dakwar-KawarSchool of Occupational Therapy, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. Electronic address: ornella.dakwar@mail.huji.ac.il.
Amal Jude Ashwin FrancisDepartment of Cognitive Science, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
Renu AryaDepartment of Cognitive Science, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
Noam MaironSchool of Occupational Therapy, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
Jyoti MishraDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA.
Itai BergerPediatric Neurology Unit, Assuta-Ashdod University Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
Roi Cohen KadoshSchool of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
Pragathi Priyadharsini BalasubramaniDepartment of Cognitive Science, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
Mor NahumSchool of Occupational Therapy, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundChildren with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often show aberrant neural activity, including excitation/inhibition (E/I) imbalances, atypical event-related potentials (ERPs), and neural network dysfunction. Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) has shown promise in modulating neural activity in ADHD.

methodsThe current study examined differences in behavioral and EEG signals recorded during an inhibitory control task in children with (N = 23) and without (N = 33) ADHD. Changes in these signals were further assessed following a combined tRNS and cognitive training intervention targeting the right inferior frontal gyrus and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in a sham-controlled randomized trial within the ADHD group only (n = 11 and 12 for intervention and sham groups, respectively).

resultsAt baseline, children with ADHD showed slower reaction times, and higher commission error rates compared to healthy controls. Neurally, they exhibited elevated EEG aperiodic exponents, indicating lower E/I balance. Following intervention, we found slower task speed but fewer omission errors in the active compared to the sham group. Regression model showed reduced aperiodic exponents (β = -1.13, t(21) = -2.45, p = 0.023), decreased late ERP-P3b amplitude, and diminished theta and alpha band activity at the cortical level. There was a weaker but still significant reduction in aperiodic exponent values at follow-up compared to immediately post-treatment (β = 0.485, t(63) = 2.182, p = 0.033).

conclusionAperiodic exponent may serve as a useful indicator of treatment-related neural modulation and may provide complementary information to traditional ERP and event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) measures, warranting further investigation in larger samples.

Indexed as

Attention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityEvoked PotentialsInhibition, PsychologicalTranscranial Direct Current StimulationAdolescentChildCognitive TrainingElectroencephalographyFemaleHumansMaleReaction TimeADHDAperiodic activityDefault mode networkEvent-related potentialsFrontoparietal networkInhibitory controlTranscranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS)

Identifiers

PMID41496381
PMCPMC12811608

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.