ArticleEquine veterinary journal2026
Mono-dimensional, two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic measurements in healthy Standardbred neonatal foals in the first 5 days of life.
Article in Equine veterinary journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundBodyweight, age and breed influence the echocardiographic assessment of foals. There are no echocardiographic studies in Standardbred neonatal foals.
objectivesTo describe echocardiographic values for selected variables, evaluate intra- and inter-observer variability and assess cardiac changes in the first 5 days of life in healthy Standardbred neonatal foals. STUDY
designProspective observational study.
methodsFifty-six healthy Standardbred neonatal foals were examined by transthoracic echocardiography using standard right parasternal and subcostal views at three time points: in the first 48 h (T1), between 49 and 96 h (T2), and 97 and 144 h (T3) after birth. Descriptive statistics, variability analysis and linear mixed models assessed age-related changes in cardiac parameters. Intra/inter-observer variability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC).
resultsA total of 114 echocardiographic examinations were performed. Intra-observer agreement was excellent for most variables, while inter-observer agreement was excellent in approximately half. An increase in end-diastolic left ventricular internal diameter (T1: 5.3 ± 0.6 cm; T3: 5.6 ± 0.8 cm; p < 0.01), left atrial diameter in the four-chamber view (T1: 5.8 ± 0.6 cm; T3: 6.0 ± 0.6 cm; p = 0.01), end-diastolic aortic sinus diameter in the left ventricular outflow tract view (T1: 3.0 ± 0.3 cm; T3: 3.2 ± 0.3 cm; p < 0.01) and peak velocity of the transmitral E wave (T1: 0.8 ± 0.1 m/s; T3: 0.9 ± 0.1 m/s; p < 0.01) were observed over time. Additionally, a gradual decrease in the end-diastolic pulmonary diameter at the sinus (T1: 2.8 ± 0.3 cm; T3: 2.5 ± 0.3 cm; p < 0.01) and at the valve (T1: 2.6 ± 0.3 cm; T3: 2.5 ± 0.4 cm; p = 0.03) levels was noted. MAIN LIMITATIONS: Some variables have fewer individuals; coefficients of variation are moderate to high for some variables.
conclusionsChanges in echocardiographic variables in a healthy Standardbred neonatal foal population reflect a physiological adaptation of the cardiorespiratory system from foetal to extrauterine life. These observations can be used as a reference in the assessment of neonatal foals of similar age and weight.
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