ArticleEnvironmental toxicology2026
First Report on Field-Evolved Resistance to Lambda-Cyhalothrin in Rice Leaf Folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee) Populations in Kerala, India: Implications and Concerns of Its Environmental Impact.
Article in Environmental toxicology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Insecticide overuse in agriculture raises significant concerns, particularly in rice cultivation, where pest management heavily relies on chemical control. Major pests, such as rice leaf folders, are frequently targeted, leading to increased insecticide applications and subsequent selection pressure, fostering resistance development. Resistance in rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis to diamide and organophosphate groups of insecticides has already been reported. However, despite the widespread use of synthetic pyrethroids, particularly lambda-cyhalothrin, in Kerala, India, data on resistance levels and underlying mechanisms remain sparse. This study bridges this gap by assessing the susceptibility of field populations of C. medinalis to lambda-cyhalothrin and investigating the key biochemical mechanisms driving resistance. Resistance ratios (RR) across populations were alarmingly high, ranging from 170.73- to 763.66-fold, indicating significant resistance. Biochemical assays revealed elevated detoxification enzyme activity, including CarE (1.11-1.63 times), GST (2.33-2.97 times), and Cyt P450 (1.52-2.49 times). Synergism assays confirmed metabolic resistance mechanisms, with increased CarE activity contributing to resistance in the PKD population, elevated Cyt P450 activity in the KUD and ONT populations, and multiple detoxification enzymes involved in resistance in the TCR population. This marks the first documented evidence of field-evolved resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin in C. medinalis globally. The outcomes highlight serious implications, as high resistance levels may prompt more frequent and higher doses of insecticide applications, increasing the risk of unintentional environmental contamination, particularly in aquatic ecosystems. Moreover, evidence from other lepidopteran pests suggests that chronic exposure to broad-spectrum insecticides may enhance preadaptive detoxification pathways, perpetuating a pesticide treadmill and accelerating resistance evolution. Given these findings, the study emphasizes the urgent need for resistance monitoring and integrated resistance management strategies to sustain rice productivity while mitigating ecological risks and preserving the long-term efficacy of available insecticides.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.