ReviewInternational journal of pharmaceutics: X2025
Research progress of penetration enhancers in transdermal drug delivery systems: Multidimensional exploration from mechanisms to clinical application.
Review in International journal of pharmaceutics: X, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Barrier Function and Biophysical Effects of 0.104% and 0.247% Retinol Creams in Mature Facial Skin: A Prospective Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Trial
- Bionic intelligent responsive barbed microneedles synergistically remodel the microenvironment for the treatment of refractory pigmentation disorders (melasma).Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Design and characterisation of a film-forming emulsion combining enhanced skin permeability with prolonged drug delivery.Biomaterials and biosystems · 2026Article
- Skin Barrier-Informed Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery: Excipient-Driven Strategies, Vehicle Transformation, and Translational Challenges.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- In vitro Evaluation of Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin Effects on Rhein Flux Across Microneedle-pretreated Skin.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2026Article
- Advancements in Therapeutic Deep Eutectic Solvents as Multifunctional Transdermal Delivery Systems.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDSs) have gained significant attention in pharmaceutical research due to their ability to bypass hepatic first-pass metabolism, maintain consistent plasma drug levels, and improve patient compliance. Despite these advantages, the highly organized "brick-and-mortar" architecture of the stratum corneum (SC) poses a substantial barrier, particularly to the permeation of hydrophilic drugs and macromolecules. Among the strategies developed to address this challenge, penetration enhancers (PEs) have emerged as a key approach, offering reversible modulation of the skin barrier to improve drug transport. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the diverse mechanisms by which PEs facilitate transdermal delivery, including disruption of lipid bilayers, alteration of keratin structure, enhancement of drug partitioning into the SC, and lipid extraction. The crucial contribution of advanced characterization techniques, such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance, in revealing atomic-scale interactions between PEs and SC components is discussed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.