Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41491973›Full record

ArticleTropical medicine and health2026

Impact of socio-economic and political factors on global COVID-19 vaccine coverage: an empirical study.

Duc Hoang Nguyen, Linh Tran, Nguyen Truong Vien, Mohammad Rashidul Hashan, Ashesh Tripathi, Su Myat Han, Anh Hoang Nguyen, Ngo Binh Trinh, Eithar Elias Shabbo, Dang Xuan Thang and 3 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Tropical medicine and health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Duc Hoang NguyenHanoi Medical University, 1 Ton That Tung, Hanoi, Vietnam.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5074-6829
Linh Tran *Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8667-082X
Nguyen Truong Vien *Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3802-5927
Mohammad Rashidul Hashan *Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1627-4976
Ashesh TripathiOnline Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8503-8945
Su Myat HanSchool of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1052-2219
Anh Hoang NguyenOnline Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0000-5271-7458
Ngo Binh TrinhOnline Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3829-3115
Eithar Elias ShabboOnline Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan.
Dang Xuan ThangInstitute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7973-2858
Pham Le AnFamily Medicine Training Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1186-0543
Gladson VaghelaNuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. gladson.vaghela@some.ox.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4551-1424
Nguyen Tien HuyInstitute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam. nguyentienhuy4@duytan.edu.vn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9543-9440

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeThis study seeks to explore the COVID-19 vaccine coverage across various countries by delving into its connections to seven vital indicators, these include the Human Development Index (HDI), Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, health expenditure, Internet usage, political stability, absence of violence and their correlation with the vaccine coverage. MEASURES: This study utilized a wealth of information from three valuable and publicly accessible data sources, such as Our World in Data, the World Bank, and the WHO database as of 20 March 2023. We then employed correlation analysis, linear regression, and structural equation modeling to examine the intricate relationships between various indicators and vaccine coverage, illuminating patterns at both national and continental levels.

resultsOur comprehensive research unveiled that on an average countries around the world achieved a 54.5 ± 24.61% of COVID-19 vaccine coverage rate. Six of the seven indicators emerged to have positive correlation with the COVID-19 vaccine coverage, and they are the HDI, individuals using the internet, current health expenditure, political stability and absence of violence/terrorism, total cases per million people, and the total deaths per million people. Among these, HDI stood out as the strongest correlated indicator, and conversely, the percentage of rural population emerged as a negatively correlated indicator in relation to the vaccine coverage.

conclusionsThese findings illuminate the formidable challenges associated with the quest for achieving universal vaccine coverage. In the future to address various pandemics globally, these insights emphasize the critical need for developing targeted strategies, fostering international collaboration and implementing comprehensive approaches to ensure that vaccines are fairly and equitably distributed and ultimately foster global immunity.

Indexed as

COVID-19ImpactSocio-demographic factorsVaccinationVaccine coverage

Identifiers

PMID41491973
PMCPMC12781785

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.