ArticleBMC public health2026
Long-term trends, health impacts, and economic costs of PM₂.₅ in Khorramabad, Iran (2014-2023).
Article in BMC public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Estimation of mortality and economic burden attributable to ground-level OBMC public health · 2026Article
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6 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundFine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) is one of the most harmful air pollutants, linked to serious health effects including cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, and premature mortality. Despite this, long-term data on PM₂.₅ exposure and its health impacts are limited in many regions of Iran. This study aimed to assess the long-term trends of PM₂.₅ concentration, estimate related health impacts, and evaluate economic costs in Khorramabad, a semi-arid city in western Iran, over a ten-year period (2014–2023).
methodsPM₂.₅ data were collected from three air quality monitoring stations and analyzed for temporal trends using statistical and visualization tools. Health impacts, including all-cause, cardiovascular, COPD, and lung cancer mortality, were estimated using the WHO’s AirQ + model. The data were compared with WHO air quality guidelines to assess public health risks. For estimating the economic cost attributed to PM₂.₅, The human capital method (HCM) was used.
resultsPM₂.₅ concentrations showed significant seasonal and hourly variations, with the highest levels in summer months, particularly August. A decreasing trend in annual mean PM₂.₅ was observed after 2020, with the lowest average in 2023 (16.9 µg/m³). Health risk assessment revealed a declining trend in PM₂.₅-related premature deaths, from 662 in 2015 to 288 in 2023, with cardiovascular disease being the most affected outcome. The analysis revealed that over the ten-year study period, the economic burden estimation demonstrated an average annual cost of US$34.9 million (range: 19.1–43.9 million US dollars).
conclusionAlthough air quality has improved in recent years, PM₂.₅ levels still often exceed WHO guidelines. Continued monitoring, stricter regulations, and regional cooperation are essential to reduce pollution and its health and economic cost burden.
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