Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41491893›Full record

ArticleNature biomedical engineering2026

GaitDynamics: a generative foundation model for analyzing human walking and running.

Tian Tan, Tom Van Wouwe, Keenon F Werling, C Karen Liu, Scott L Delp, Jennifer L Hicks, Akshay S Chaudhari

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature biomedical engineering, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Multi-Modal Sensing for Propulsion Estimation in People Post-Stroke Across Speeds.IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Tian TanDepartment of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. alanttan@stanford.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4639-8301
Tom Van WouweDepartment of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Keenon F WerlingDepartment of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
C Karen LiuDepartment of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Scott L DelpDepartment of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Jennifer L HicksDepartment of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Akshay S ChaudhariDepartment of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3667-6796

Funding

Rapid MRI for Evaluation of OsteoarthritisR01EB002524 · NIBIB · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Akshay Chaudhari, Garry E Gold · 2003 to 2026
$10.1M
TR&D Project 3: OpenSim for PredictionP41EB027060 · NIBIB · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Joy P Ku · 2020 to 2026
$9.7M
Technology DevelopmentP2CHD101913 · NICHD · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI DELP, SCOTT L · 2020 to 2024
$4.1M
Resource CoreP50HD118632 · NICHD · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Joy P Ku · 2025 to 2026
$3.9M
Rapid Low-Cost Quantitative 3D MRI and Gait Assessment of the KneeR01AR077604 · NIAMS · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI HARGREAVES, BRIAN ANDREW · 2020 to 2024
$3.2M
Imaging of Joint Response to Physiological Stress with Age, Sex and in OsteoarthritisR01AR079431 · NIAMS · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Feliks Kogan · 2022 to 2026
$2.9M
AddBiomechanics: Automatic Processing and Sharing of Human Movement DataR01LM014154 · NLM · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Cheng-yun Karen Liu · 2023 to 2026
$1.3M
NIAMS NIH HHS R01 AR077604NIAMS NIH HHS R01 AR079431NIBIB NIH HHS P41 EB027060NIBIB NIH HHS R01 EB002524NICHD NIH HHS P2C HD101913NICHD NIH HHS P50 HD118632NLM NIH HHS R01 LM014154U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) P2C HD101913U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) P41 EB027060U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01 AR077604U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01 AR079431U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01 EB002524
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Understanding the dynamics of human gait, including both motions and forces, is vital to promote human mobility. While deep learning models may have advantages over costly laboratory-based experiments and physics-based simulations, existing models have been trained on small datasets with homogeneous demographics and focus on predicting a single output. We developed GaitDynamics, a generative foundation model trained on a large dataset of diverse gait patterns, which allows for flexible inputs, outputs and clinical applications. We illustrate the use of GaitDynamics for: (1) estimating ground reaction forces from kinematics with high accuracy even with missing kinematic data, (2) predicting the effects of gait modifications on knee loading without resource-intensive experiments and (3) predicting kinematic and force changes that occur with increasing running speeds. Our results demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of GaitDynamics, showing its potential to assess and optimize gait for injury prevention, disease treatment and performance coaching. All data, code and trained models are publicly shared.

Indexed as

Gait AnalysisGenerative Artificial IntelligenceModels, BiologicalRunningWalkingBiomechanical PhenomenaComputer SimulationDeep LearningHumansKneeWeight-Bearing

Identifiers

PMID41491893
PMCPMC12928157

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.