Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41491882›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Design and evaluation of a remote damage control surgery real-time guidance system based on HoloLens 2 in low-speed network environments.

Can Chen, Na Kang, Xin Zhong, Yijun Jia, Renqin Jiang, Chenglin Dai, Haoyang Yang, Lin Chen, Wenqiong Du, Zhaowen Zong

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Can Chen *State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Department for Combat Casualty Care Training, Training Base for Army Health Care, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
Na Kang *Healthcare Department 9, Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100089, China.
Xin ZhongState Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Department for Combat Casualty Care Training, Training Base for Army Health Care, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
Yijun JiaState Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Department for Combat Casualty Care Training, Training Base for Army Health Care, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
Renqin JiangState Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Department for Combat Casualty Care Training, Training Base for Army Health Care, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
Chenglin DaiState Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Department for Combat Casualty Care Training, Training Base for Army Health Care, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
Haoyang YangState Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Department for Combat Casualty Care Training, Training Base for Army Health Care, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
Lin ChenInternational Cooperation Office, Directorate of Medical Services, Department of Logistics Support, Central Military Commission, Beijing, 100089, China.
Wenqiong Du *State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Department for Combat Casualty Care Training, Training Base for Army Health Care, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China. duwenqiong@tmmu.edu.cn.
Zhaowen Zong *State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Department for Combat Casualty Care Training, Training Base for Army Health Care, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China. zongzhaowen@tmmu.edu.cn.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study aimed to develop and evaluate a remote damage control surgery (DCS) real-time guidance system based on HoloLens 2 for low-speed network environments. The system design follows a layered architecture model where the core logic is divided into network, data, service, and user layers. Data transmission in low-speed network environments is realized through multidimensional injury data encoding technology, combined with a WebSocket long-link protocol and fragmentation transmission technology. Multi-modal deep learning and decision tree algorithms are used to build an intelligent auxiliary model for injury assessment. Based on this, the HoloLens 2 immersive head-mounted display device is integrated via the Wi-Fi communication protocol to achieve multi-modal, real-time interactive surgical guidance. After the system development was completed, it was applied to four surgical teams composed of 28 students who were randomly divided into remote and control groups. An animal injury platform was used to construct a cranial trauma model for practical assessment. The remote and control groups used a guidance system and video call methods, respectively, to perform simulated remote surgery guidance. The differences in injury judgment, surgical operations, overall effectiveness scores, surgical time, and animal survival time between the two groups were compared. After the assessment, a self-made questionnaire was used for a satisfaction survey. In the remote group, the surgery operation scores were higher and the surgical time was shorter than in the control group (both P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups in injury assessment, overall effectiveness scores, or animal survival time (P > 0.05). The students scored the system's necessity, effectiveness, compatibility, and deployment environment above 5 points. The remote DCS guidance system based on HoloLens 2 can provide remote real-time interactive guidance for DCS using mixed reality technology. The proposed method can mitigate data transmission delays in low-speed, complex network environments. In addition, the surgical guidance system can assist surgeons in improving their ability in DCS and provide real-time, efficient decision-making support, making it worthy of further application and popularization.

Indexed as

Surgery, Computer-AssistedAlgorithmsAnimalsHumansDamage control surgeryGuidance systemHoloLens 2

Identifiers

PMID41491882
PMCPMC12864799

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.