PRRs-related genes and immune landscape in heart failure and COPD.

Heart failure (HF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are major health issues causing high hospitalization and mortality rates. Pattern recognition receptor-related differentially expressed genes (PRDEGs) play a crucial role in disease progression, as their altered expression patterns are closely linked to immune responses, inflammatory processes, and tissue remodeling. Understanding PRDEGs is vital for effective diagnostics and therapies. This study incorporated four GEO datasets (GSE57338, GSE16499, GSE76925, and GSE57148). Among them, GSE57338 and GSE76925 served as the primary analysis sets for HF and COPD, respectively, where differential expression, functional enrichment, and immune infiltration analyses were performed. GSE16499 and GSE57148 were used as independent validation sets to confirm the key findings. Seven PRDEGs, including PTX3, UCHL1, IL1R1, PLA2G2A, CXCL12, SPP1, and CD24, which exhibited significant expression differences in both HF and COPD. Enrichment analysis revealed that these genes were primarily associated primarily with biological processes such as the regulation of cellular extravasation and leukocyte migration, as well as the NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Immune infiltration analysis indicated significant differences in the abundances of various immune cells in HF and COPD samples. This study identified 7 PRDEGs as biomarkers, emphasizing the need to explore key genes and pathways in HF and COPD, along with 9 immune cell types and 2 signaling pathways, suggesting immune modulation's role in treatment.