ArticleBMC nursing2026
Exploring the mediating role of rumination on empathy and secondary traumatic stress in nurses: a cross-sectional investigation.
Article in BMC nursing, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Prevalence of secondary traumatic stress in nurses: a meta-analysis of observational studies.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
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9 authors.
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Abstract
purposesSecondary traumatic stress (STS) poses a substantial concern within nursing, affecting nurses' well-being and clinical care quality. While empathy, rumination, and STS are connected, research on their interplay among nurses is limited. The current study investigates how intrusive and purposive rumination mediates the link between empathy and STS in nursing professionals. PATIENTS AND
methodsA cross-sectional survey involving 784 nurses from China was undertaken using convenience sampling. Data collection involved three scales: the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale, Event-Related Rumination Inventory, and Interpersonal Reactivity Index Scale. The analysis utilized SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 26.0, employing various statistical methods including descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression and structural equation model. STROBE guidelines were followed.
resultsThis study found moderate empathy and rumination levels among nurses, highlighting a significant prevalence of secondary traumatic stress. Positive correlations were observed between STS, empathy, and rumination. Linear regression revealed intrusive rumination, empathy, and purposive rumination as primary predictors of STS, explaining 33% of the variance. Empathy's impact on STS (β = 0.328) included both direct (β = 0.157) and indirect effects (β = 0.171) through intrusive and purposive rumination, with the indirect effect comprising 52.13% of the total. Invasive rumination can exacerbate STS, while purposive rumination can mitigate STS.
conclusionIntrusive and purposive rumination sequentially mediate the association between empathy and secondary traumatic stress. Therefore, hospital administrators should monitor nurses' empathy levels and implement personalized interventions to reduce intrusive rumination and enhance purposive rumination, thereby alleviating STS.
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