Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41491479›Full record

ArticleBMC veterinary research2026

Assessment of artificial insemination practices, semen quality, and reproductive constraints in dairy farms in Central Gondar Zone, Ethiopia.

Dejen Asaye Mengistu, Samuel Derso Tezera, Merawi Kindu Birhanie, Tsegaye Asredie Kolech, Abibo Wondie Mekonen, Alebachew Tilahun Wassie, Addis Getu Endeshaw, Sefinew Alemu Mekonnen, Nibret Moges Melsie

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Article in BMC veterinary research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Dejen Asaye MengistuDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. dejuvet2002@gmail.com.
Samuel Derso TezeraDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
Merawi Kindu BirhanieDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
Tsegaye Asredie KolechGondar Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 1337, Gondar, Ethiopia.
Abibo Wondie MekonenDepartment of Veterinary Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
Alebachew Tilahun WassieDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
Addis Getu EndeshawDepartment of Animal Production, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
Sefinew Alemu MekonnenDepartment of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
Nibret Moges MelsieDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundArtificial insemination (AI) is a reproductive biotechnology used to improve genetics in dairy cows and other farm animals. The low and variable conception rates following AI significantly impact production efficiency, particularly in Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to assess the semen quality, efficiency, and constraints of AI service in selected districts of the central Gondar zone, northwest Ethiopia. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2024 to November 2024. Data was collected from 373 dairy farmers who utilize AI service through semi-structured questionnaires. Additional data was collected from 18 artificial insemination technicians (AITs) and 34 animal health and animal production professionals. Participant dairy farmers were selected using systematic random sampling, while technicians and professionals were selected using a purposive sampling method. Sixty-two semen samples were evaluated for motility, viability, and morphological defects. Field practices of AITs, as well as conditions for semen handling and storage, were also observed. The data was analyzed using STATA (version 17) software and summarized using descriptive statistics. A chi-square test was also used to estimate the association.

resultsDairy farmers did not use AI regularly; only 59% (220/373) used AI services frequently, while the rest 153 (41%) used natural mating. Evaluation of semen quality revealed 48% (± 4), 47% (± 4.86), and 71% (± 6) individual progressive motility, viability, and normal sperm cell percentage for frozen bull semen, respectively. Improper semen storage was observed. Sperm motility and sperm viability were significantly (p < 0.05) different between districts, breeds of bulls, and batches of sperm collected. In addition, sperm progressive motility was significantly different (p < 0.05) between durations of storage. The average conception rate was 45.5%. Repeat breeding, anestrous, lack of semen and liquid nitrogen, reproductive disorders, shortage of skilled AITs, and accessibility were the major challenges identified.

conclusionsIn general, the quality of semen used in the area was poor, the AI efficiency was below optimal, and there were many constraints for the AI service. Interventions ensuring semen quality and improving the skill of inseminators were suggested to improve the efficiency of AI service in the central Gondar zone, northwest Ethiopia.

Indexed as

DairyingInsemination, ArtificialSemen AnalysisAnimalsCattleCross-Sectional StudiesEthiopiaFemaleMaleArtificial inseminationCentral gondar zoneConstraintsEfficiencySemen quality

Identifiers

PMID41491479
PMCPMC12771741

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.