ArticleNature biotechnology2026
Engineering bispecific exosome activators of T cells to target immune checkpoint inhibitor-resistant metastatic melanoma.
Article in Nature biotechnology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Nanomaterial Strategies for Pulmonary Delivery of Immunotherapeutics in Lung Cancer Treatment.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- Cord blood natural killer cell-derived extracellular vesicles inhibit Zika virus infectivity through ITGB2/perforin-mediated envelope disruption in vitro and in vivo.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
- Review
- Bioengineering of extracellular vesicles with scaffold proteins for drug delivery.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is often limited by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Simultaneous targeting of the TME and immune checkpoints is a promising approach to address this limitation. Here we develop an inhalable exosome system that enables co-display of two inhibitory ligands and apply it to treat lung metastases of ICI-resistant melanoma. As immune exclusion in this context is often mediated by Wnt/β-catenin signaling, we harnessed the Alix sorting domain for tandem display of PD-1 and FZD8 to block PD-L1 and Wnt7b, which is overexpressed in ICI-resistant melanoma. This technology, called bispecific exosome activator of T cells (BEAT), enables uniform 1:1 co-display of two proteins on the exosome surface. We show that BEAT concurrently recruits and activates CD8⁺ T cells to reprogram the TME, yielding robust antitumor activity in ICI-resistant melanoma mouse models. Inhaled BEAT outperforms linked dual antibody targeting PD-L1 and Wnt7b in vivo. This approach to tandem protein display may be applicable to diverse ICI-resistant cancers.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.