ArticleScientific reports2026
Characteristics of self-reported asthenopia in a large-scale crowdsourced study using the smartphone application DryEyeRhythm.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
This study identified the characteristics and factors associated with self-reported asthenopia using the DryEyeRhythm smartphone application. A cross-sectional digital cohort study was conducted between November 2016 and September 2019. DryEyeRhythm smartphone application users who completed the survey questionnaire were included in the analysis. Participants with incomplete or duplicate data, foreign data from outside of Japan, or missing Global Positioning System data were excluded from the analysis. Self-reported asthenopia was determined using the question "Do you have any symptoms of asthenopia?". Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated with self-reported asthenopia. Among 35,218 users who downloaded DryEyeRhythm, 3,593 completed the questionnaires and were included. Overall, 2,168 (60.3%) participants experienced self-reported asthenopia. Self-reported asthenopia was significantly more prevalent among individuals aged 30-50 years (P < 0.001). The self-reported asthenopia group had a significantly higher Japanese version of the Ocular Surface Disease Index (J-OSDI) total score than the non-self-reported asthenopia group (P < 0.001). The associated factors were older age, past dry eye disease diagnosis, eye drops usage for dry eye disease, extended screen exposure, and dry eye symptoms. Self-reported asthenopia was significantly associated with the following dry eye disease symptoms based on the J-OSDI: feeling gritty (P < 0.001), painful or sore eyes (P < 0.001), problems with reading (P < 0.001), and problems with working with a computer or bank machine (P = 0.004). Additionally, 1,773 of 2,168 participants (55.9%) reported both asthenopia and dry eye symptoms. This large-scale cross-sectional digital cohort study provides insights into the characteristics and factors associated with self-reported asthenopia in the general population. These findings may inform future efforts to raise awareness, support early identification, and guide preventative strategies, particularly in susceptible populations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.