Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41488898›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in pediatrics2025

Breastfeeding in Turkey: practices, barriers, and cultural dynamics for global insights.

Kaan Celebier, Metin Yigit, Furkan Kalayci, Berrak Naz Kirgil, Naci Yilmaz, Ali Evrim Dogan, Orkun Tolunay

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in pediatrics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Kaan CelebierDepartment of Pediatrics, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Bilkent, Ankara, Türkiye.
Metin YigitDepartment of Pediatrics, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Bilkent, Ankara, Türkiye.
Furkan KalayciDepartment of Pediatrics, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Bilkent, Ankara, Türkiye.
Berrak Naz KirgilDepartment of Pediatrics, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Bilkent, Ankara, Türkiye.
Naci YilmazDepartment of Pediatrics, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Bilkent, Ankara, Türkiye.
Ali Evrim DoganDepartment of Medical, Nestle Nutrition, Istanbul, Türkiye.
Orkun TolunayDepartment of Pediatrics, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Bilkent, Ankara, Türkiye.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Objective: Breastfeeding is globally recognized as the cornerstone of infant nutrition, offering unparalleled benefits for maternal and child health. However, exclusive breastfeeding rates remain below international targets, influenced by sociocultural, economic, and individual factors. This study aims to investigate breastfeeding practices in Türkiye, identify influencing factors, and compare these findings with global trends to highlight both commonalities and country-specific dynamics. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Ankara Bilkent City Hospital between June and August 2024, with 392 mothers of children aged 2-5 years. Data were collected through structured surveys addressing demographics, breastfeeding practices, and formula use. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS, with Results: Exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months was reported by 37.5% and was influenced by perceived milk insufficiency, socioeconomic factors, and extended family involvement. Cesarean delivery was associated with increased formula use, and lower-income families were less likely to sustain breastfeeding to 24 months. Contrary to global patterns where family support is beneficial, extended family involvement in Türkiye negatively affected exclusive breastfeeding. In multivariable models, maternal chronic illness and cesarean delivery increased the odds of formula use (OR = 1.6; 95% CI = 0.98-2.79; Conclusions: Breastfeeding practices in Turkey reflect global challenges, including maternal perceptions of insufficient milk supply and economic barriers, while also highlighting unique cultural dynamics, particularly the influence of extended family. Addressing these issues requires a dual approach: implementing universal interventions, including healthcare professional guidance and breastfeeding education, and developing culturally specific strategies to mitigate the negative impact of traditional norms on exclusive breastfeeding rates. Policymakers should prioritize reducing cesarean delivery rates and strengthening support systems for low-income mothers. Comprehensive, multifaceted interventions are essential to improve breastfeeding outcomes and align national practices with international health goals.

Indexed as

breastfeeding educationbreastfeeding practicescesareandelivery impactexclusive breastfeedingextended family influenceformula feedinginfant nutritionsocioculturalfactors

Identifiers

PMID41488898
PMCPMC12756464

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.