ArticleInternational journal of nanomedicine2025
Intramuscular All-Trans Retinoic Acid-Adjuvanted Nanovaccine Elicits Robust Mucosal and Systemic Immunity Against
Article in International journal of nanomedicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: Methods: RA-NVs were synthesized via single emulsion-diffusion-evaporation, with antigens loaded onto the nanoparticle surfaces. Their physicochemical properties, antigen loading capacity, and stability were characterized. In vitro dendritic cell (DC) activation, antigen uptake, and gut-homing receptor expression (C-C chemokine receptor 9, CCR9) were assessed. In vivo distribution was examined using in vivo imaging system (IVIS). BALB/c mice were immunized intramuscularly, and subsequent mucosal (IgA) and systemic (IgG) antibody responses, cytokine profiles, T cell proliferation, and bacterial clearance upon Results: RA-NVs exhibited optimal size, surface charge, and sustained antigen and RA release. In vitro assays demonstrated efficient DC uptake, enhanced CCR9 expression, cytokine secretion (IL-6, IL-10, IL-15), and improved DC migration towards C-C motif chemokine ligand 25 (CCL25). In vivo, RA-NVs significantly elevated serum IgG and mucosal IgA antibodies, promoted CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation, and elicited robust Th2/Th17-skewed responses. Notably, immunized mice exhibited significantly reduced gastric bacterial colonization and inflammation upon Conclusion: The RA-adjuvanted nanovaccine effectively induces potent mucosal and systemic immunity via intramuscular administration, representing a promising strategy against mucosal pathogens such as
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Registered trials
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