SynthesisFrontiers in immunology2025
TIR domain proteins: regulatory mechanisms in the tumor immune microenvironment, clinical translation strategies, and prospects for precision therapy applications.
Synthesis in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Follicular Immune Checkpoint: PD-1/PD-L1 and Immune Tolerance in Oocyte Competence and IVF Failure.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Artificial Intelligence-Driven Construction of Predictive and Druggable Frameworks to an In Silico Bioengineering Evidence Support for Therapy of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients: Insights from a Toll-like Receptor Signal with Th17 and T Helper Microenvironment.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Regulatory T cells in the breast cancer tumor microenvironment: new mechanisms, potential therapeutic strategies and future perspectives.American journal of cancer research · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toll/IL-1R (TIR) domain proteins, as central signaling hubs in innate immunity, dynamically orchestrate inflammatory responses and immune processes within the tumor microenvironment (TME) by mediating both MyD88-dependent and TRIF-dependent pathways. This review systematically elaborates on the dual regulatory roles of the TIR superfamily-encompassing toll-like receptors (TLRs), IL-1 receptors (IL-1Rs), and adaptor proteins-in tumor immunity, including the facilitation of stemness maintenance in cancer stem cells (CSCs) and the inductive mechanisms driving the formation of an immunosuppressive TME. From the perspective of clinical translation, the combinatorial therapeutic strategy of TIR agonists/inhibitors with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represents a novel paradigm: the synergistic effects among TIR agonists/inhibitors, advanced nanodelivery systems, and radiotherapy-responsive prodrug technology provide a potential approach to address challenges such as systemic toxicity and low targeted delivery efficiency. Looking forward, the continuous advancement and broader application of TIR protein targets in the field of precision cancer immunotherapy hold great promise for offering new hope in the fight against malignant tumors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.