ArticleFrontiers in cardiovascular medicine2025
Establishing standardized transthoracic echocardiography reference ranges for mouse models: insights into the impact of anesthesia, sex, and age.
Article in Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Addressing Key Limitations of Diastolic Function Assessment in Mouse Echocardiography by Enabling Robust Retrospective Analysis From a Standard Imaging View.Acta physiologica (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- EchoVisuALL: From Echocardiography to Gene Discovery.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
30 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Introduction: Mouse models play a critical role in cardiology research, offering valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms, genetics, and potential treatments for cardiovascular diseases. However, the ability to transfer findings in mice between studies is limited by the absence of standardized protocols and valid reference values for the assessment of normal cardiac function in mice. This study aims to establish comprehensive transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) reference ranges for mice, particularly focusing on C57BL/6N wild-type controls. Methods: The study, which includes data from over 15,000 mice through the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC), highlights how variables such as sex, age, body weight, and anesthesia impact TTE parameters. Results: The findings showed that anesthesia is the primary predictor of variability in cardiac function. Isoflurane- and tribromoethanol-anesthetized mice presented with modified cardiac function compared with conscious mice. In addition, we observed minimal sex differences in cardiac morphology and function, except for small variations influenced by anesthesia. The effects of aging on cardiac function were modest, characterized by a decrease in heart rate and subtle changes in ventricular dimensions without evidence of pathological remodeling, possibly attributable to disease-free cardiovascular aging. Discussion: Validation of the reference ranges across multiple mouse strains showed that these values provide a reliable baseline for experiments involving cardiac function in mice. The data underscore the importance of using anesthesia-specific reference values when interpreting TTE results, ensuring robust comparisons in genetic and pharmacological studies. These reference ranges serve as quality assurance tools for future cardiac studies in mice, offering insights into typical TTE parameter values, supporting the detection of experimental perturbations, and contributing to more effective translation of findings from mice to humans.
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