ArticleFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology2025
Asymmetry of muscle co-activation during the two-armed kettlebell swing: insights into neuromuscular stability.
Article in Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Bilateral asymmetry reflects strength or functional differences between dominant and non-dominant limbs, which can influence performance. Investigating asymmetry and muscle co-activation during the two-armed kettlebell swing may clarify its role in performance enhancement and injury risk. This study specifically examined co-activation and asymmetry in shoulder and trunk muscles during the exercise. Method: Twenty-four participants (age: 23.9 ± 2.5 years; body mass: 82.8 ± 8.0 kg; height: 177.8 ± 6.5 cm) were included in the study. Surface electromyography signals were recorded using a wireless EMG system and data were collected bilaterally from twelve muscles (six muscles per side: anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid, erector spinae longissimus, erector spinae iliocostalis, external oblique, and rectus abdominis). Each participant completed two trials of the two-armed kettlebell swing, with at least five repetitions. Results: The results showed that the shoulder co-activation index significantly increased on both sides during the float, drop, and deceleration phases (Right side: F = 35.12; p < 0.001; Left side: F = 69.80; p < 0.001). Additionally, co-activation between the erector spinae and rectus abdominis, as well as between the erector spinae and external oblique muscles, was highest during the float and drop phases (Right side: F = 165.1; p < 0.001; Left side: F = 100.08; p < 0.001). The findings revealed some asymmetry in muscle co-activation, particularly during the float phase (22.39%). However, overall asymmetrical levels remained low during the more mechanically demanding phases (propulsion, drop, and deceleration). Conclusion: The study shows clear phase-dependent muscle activation patterns, with anterior deltoid and spinal extensors leading during propulsion, and greater posterior engagement and co-activation stabilizing the float, drop, and deceleration phases. A small asymmetry appeared mainly in the float phase, while the overall asymmetry index stayed low during the more demanding phases.
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