ReviewJournal of periodontal research2026
Cross-Sectional Studies: Strengths, Limitations, and Methodological Considerations.
Review in Journal of periodontal research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Associations between obstructive sleep apnea and Alzheimer's disease-related biomarkers (amyloid-β and tau) in blood and cerebrospinal fluid: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Pooled it
- Risk prediction models for oral frailty in older adults: a scoping review.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Article
- Ergonomic Risks, Psychosocial Associations and Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Symptoms Among Laboratory Workers in a Malaysian Medical Research Institute.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Comment on "Meeting the 24-Hour Movement Guidelines and Frailty Risk: Evidence From Two Nationally Representative Population Studies and Machine-Learning Models".Geriatrics & gerontology international · 2026Article
- Cohort and Case-Control Studies: Strengths, Limitations and Methodological Considerations.Journal of periodontal research · 2026Review
- Study Design in Clinical and Epidemiologic Research: Observational, Experimental, and Beyond.Journal of periodontal research · 2026Article
- Maternal Readiness for Newborn Self-Care in the Early Postpartum Period: Associations with Maternal Psychophysical State and Declared Breastfeeding Readiness.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Corneal Thickness, Curvature and Topographic Indices: Implications for Keratoconus Screening in a South African University Clinic Population.Clinical optometry · 2026Article
- Health misinformation, digital health literacy, and attitudes toward science among university students: an exploratory cross-sectional survey.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- The Diagnostic Value of sdLDL-C for Acute Coronary Syndrome with Coexisting Hypertension and Carotid Atherosclerosis in Northeast China.International journal of general medicine · 2026Article
- Guarding serenity in the digital age: mindfulness as a buffer against social media-induced psychological discomfort in older tourists.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Digital health literacy and its behavioral correlates among medical undergraduates in central China: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Predictive Risk Models for Frailty Onset in Older Adults: A Scoping Review of Methodological Trends, Model Performance, and Clinical Translation Gap.Clinical interventions in aging · 2026Article
- Sex-specific differences in healthcare utilization and preventive service uptake between immigrant and native-born populations in Spain: a matched analysis of the 2023 national health survey.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Health-Literate Healthcare Organization Attributes and Perceived Workload Among Nurses and Nursing Coordinators.Journal of nursing management · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cross-sectional studies capture health states, exposures, and risk factors at a single time point, providing essential data for estimating disease prevalence and informing public health planning. These studies serve multiple epidemiological purposes: characterizing population health, monitoring temporal trends through repeated surveys, and evaluating interventions via interrupted time series designs. They also offer practical advantages for validating self-reported measures and creating diagnostic models. Cross-sectional designs are efficient and well-suited to descriptive epidemiology, but they have limited utility for causal inference. The simultaneous measurement of exposures and outcomes creates temporal ambiguity that fundamentally constrains etiologic interpretation. However, causal inferences can be strengthened under specific conditions-when temporal sequence is unambiguous (e.g., genetic variants preceding outcomes) or when valid instrumental variables are available. This methodological tutorial equips readers with concepts and tools to critically appraise cross-sectional studies across the application domains outlined and to design and analyze their own cross-sectional studies that yield high-quality epidemiologic descriptions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.