ReviewJournal of biomedical science2026
Post-translational modifications of immune checkpoints: molecular mechanisms, tumor microenvironment remodeling, and therapeutic implications.
Review in Journal of biomedical science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Emerging roles of α/β hydrolase domain (ABHD) proteins in S-palmitoylation modification: molecular mechanisms, structural features, and pathological implications.Cellular & molecular biology letters · 2026Review
- Ubiquitin-driven regulation of immune checkpoints in lung cancer: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications (Review).Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2026Review
- Protein Posttranslational Modifications in Immunity: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets.MedComm · 2026Review
- Host OTUB2 and viral PLpro stabilize NSP8 to promote SARS-CoV-2 replication.Virologica Sinica · 2026Article
- Review
- SUMOylation in cancer: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Exon-skipping antisense oligonucleotides targeting SUMO1 and SUMO2 demonstrate chemosensitizing effects in NSCLC cells in tissue culture.Research square · 2026Article
- Post-Translational Regulation of CD8Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Exploring the Role of GGA2 in Cancer Progression: Pan-Cancer Bioinformatics and Experimental Validation in Prostate Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Do Metastatic Cells Arise from PD-L1International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Research progress in augmentation strategies for PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in bladder cancer: from biological determinants to clinical applications.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- TRIM59 promotes immune evasion and tumor progression in lung adenocarcinoma via ubiquitin- proteasomal degradation of IRF3.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Immune checkpoints play pivotal roles in regulating immune responses and maintaining tolerance. In cancer, these molecules are hijacked to suppress antitumor immunity, resulting in therapeutic resistance to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Recent advances have highlighted the critical role of post-translational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, palmitoylation, UFMylation, acetylation, SUMOylation, methylation, and ISGylation, in modulating checkpoint stability, trafficking, and function across diverse immune and tumor cell types. These dynamic PTMs reshape the tumor microenvironment (TME) by controlling immune cell function, antigen presentation, and inflammatory signaling. This review comprehensively outlines the mechanistic contributions of PTMs to immune checkpoint regulation, emphasizing how these PTMs orchestrate immune evasion and clinical outcomes. Special focus is given to PTMs of PD-L1, PD-1, TIM-3, TIGIT, CTLA-4, LAG-3, VISTA, BTLA, and SIRPα. We also discuss how targeting PTM-regulating enzymes or specific modification motifs offers a promising therapeutic strategy to overcome ICB resistance. Understanding the PTMs landscape provides critical insight into resistance mechanisms and unveils promising opportunities for rational combination therapies aimed at reprogramming the immunosuppressive TME and enhancing antitumor immunity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.