ArticleBMC psychiatry2026
Profiling Chinese children with symptoms of SpLD, ADHD, or ASD: a transdiagnostic and biopsychosocial study.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Assessment of child-parent dyads' health-related quality of life in learning disorder care: a cross-sectional study in eastern China.Translational pediatrics · 2026Article
- Correction: Profiling Chinese children with symptoms of SpLD, ADHD, or ASD: a transdiagnostic and biopsychosocial study.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSpecific learning difficulties (SpLD), ADHD, and ASD are the most common neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) found in mainstream schools. In addition to formal NDD diagnoses, children may exhibit NDD symptoms without meeting full diagnostic criteria, and heterogeneities and commonalities are frequently observed regardless of whether children have been diagnosed or not, raising concerns about the lack of inclusive support for all. Following the transdiagnostic approach and biopsychosocial model, this study aims to cluster and profile children with these symptoms via cognitive, psychological, and ecological factors, using an unsupervised machine learning algorithm.
methodsBased on parent-report checklists, 267 Chinese primary school children in Grades 1–4 with at least one type of NDD symptoms were identified (164 boys; age in months: M = 102, SD = 17.30) from a bigger dataset (N = 1,034). A typically developing (TD) control group was created and matched with the NDD group in terms of age, gender, nonverbal IQ, and family socioeconomic status (SES). By using exploratory and confirmatory analyses, executive functioning, visual processing, and linguistic skills were extracted as cognitive factors, while internalising problems, externalising problems, positive child-parent relationships, and negative child-parent relationships were extracted as psychological and ecological factors.
resultsK-means clustering based on the seven extracted core factors identified five distinct clusters. Three clusters exhibited specific cognitive weaknesses, while the other two mainly showed psychosocial problems. Two severe-symptom groups (i.e., the Linguistic Difficulties group and the Psychosocial Difficulties group) also demonstrated worse academic and mental health outcomes.
conclusionsOur findings demonstrate the potential to focus on symptoms beyond diagnostic labels, as well as the inclusion of psychosocial factors alongside cognitive ones, thereby contributing to the design of more targeted and comprehensive support for children with special education needs and informing current inclusive education practice in China. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
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