Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41485554›Full record

ArticleBrain stimulation

TI-Toolbox: An open-source software for temporal interference stimulation research.

Ido Haber, Aksel Jackson, Axel Thielscher, Aviad Hai, Giulio Tononi

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Article in Brain stimulation. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Ido HaberDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
Aksel JacksonDepartment of Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Philosophy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
Axel ThielscherDanish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Technical University of Denmark, Section for Magnetic Resonance, Department of Health Technology, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
Aviad HaiDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
Giulio TononiDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. Electronic address: gtononi@wisc.edu.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundTemporal interference (TI) stimulation is a novel non-invasive brain stimulation approach that promises selective targeting of deep brain structures while minimizing off-target cortical stimulation. Despite a growing interest in TI applications, there is a need for integrated computational tools that seamlessly connect neuroimaging data preprocessing through montage optimization, field simulation, and analysis within a unified framework designed for translational and clinical research.

methodsWe developed TI-Toolbox, an open-source software platform that integrates established neuroimaging tools (dcm2niix, SimNIBS, FreeSurfer) with specialized algorithms for TI research. The platform provides end-to-end workflows encompassing structural MRI preprocessing, volume conduction modeling, montage optimization, electric field simulation, and region-of-interest analysis. Both graphical user interface and command-line interface implementations ensure accessibility across user expertise levels. The platform employs containerized deployment via Docker to ensure reproducibility and cross-platform compatibility.

resultsTI-Toolbox successfully automates the complete TI research pipeline, from DICOM conversion through final field analysis. The platform demonstrates robust performance across operating systems and provides standardized workflows that enhance reproducibility. Furthermore, our case studies support the validity of our HD-EEG mapping approach for montage standardization and the need for individualized modeling for exposure assessment.

conclusionsTI-Toolbox addresses critical infrastructure gaps in TI research by providing researchers with a unified, validated platform that reduces technical barriers and accelerates translational research in non-invasive deep brain stimulation.

Indexed as

BrainDeep Brain StimulationImage Processing, Computer-AssistedNeuroimagingSoftwareHumansMagnetic Resonance ImagingBrain stimulationComputational modelingNeuroimagingOpen-source softwareSimNIBSTemporal interference

Identifiers

PMID41485554

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.