Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41484988›Full record

ArticleVirology journal2026

Optimization of untranslated regions enhances antigen expression and immunogenicity of FMDV P12A3C mRNA vaccine.

Haiyun Liu, Muhammad Muntazir Mehdi, Lixin Jiang, Yifan Liu, Yuqing Ma, Zhidong Teng, Bing Liang, Huichen Guo, Shiqi Sun

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Virology journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Haiyun LiuState Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
Muhammad Muntazir MehdiState Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
Lixin JiangState Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
Yifan LiuState Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
Yuqing MaState Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
Zhidong TengState Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
Bing LiangState Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
Huichen GuoState Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
Shiqi SunState Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China. sunshiqi@caas.cn.

Funding

China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project 2023M733819Local Financial Funds of National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu No. NASC2024KR06
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) causes substantial economic losses to the global livestock industry annually. Current vaccines inadequately prevent infection and transmission of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV), highlighting the urgent need for FMDV mRNA vaccines with enhanced immunogenicity and safety. The immunogenicity of mRNA vaccines is largely determined by sequence design, particularly the optimization of untranslated regions (UTRs), which significantly enhance mRNA stability and promote efficient antigen expression. In this study, eight UTR sequences were designed and evaluated using the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter gene. Results showed that EGFP-UTR3 and EGFP-UTR8 performed best in protein expression. Subsequent integration of UTR3 and UTR8 into FMDV P12A3C mRNA revealed that P12A3C-UTR8 consistently achieved higher antigen expression across multiple cell models, elicited robust humoral and cellular immune responses in mice, and provided protection comparable to conventional inactivated vaccines in guinea pigs, indicating that UTR8 is a highly promising regulatory element for vaccine applications. Sequence analysis revealed that beyond the previously reported influence of the 5' UTR secondary structure, the GC content of the 3' UTR is strongly associated with mRNA translation efficiency. These findings elucidate the intrinsic link between UTR structure and function and provide critical theoretical support for optimizing FMDV mRNA vaccine and advancing novel vaccine development.

Indexed as

Antigens, ViralFoot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease VirusImmunogenicity, VaccineUntranslated RegionsViral VaccinesAnimalsAntibodies, ViralFemaleGreen Fluorescent ProteinsGuinea PigsMiceMice, Inbred BALB CmRNA VaccinesRNA, MessengerVaccines, SyntheticAntibodies, ViralAntigens, ViralGreen Fluorescent ProteinsmRNA VaccinesRNA, MessengerUntranslated RegionsVaccines, SyntheticViral VaccinesEGFPFoot-and-mouth disease virusImmunitymRNA vaccineUntranslated region

Identifiers

PMID41484988
PMCPMC12869927

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.