ArticleBMC psychology2026
Obsessive-compulsive disorder and smartphone addiction among public sector employees in Iran.
Article in BMC psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWith the ever-increasing use of smartphones, the reciprocal impact of mental disorders and smartphone overuse has become a novel challenge. This study investigated the association between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and smartphone addiction (SA) in a large sample of Iranian public sector employees.
methodsThis cross-sectional analysis was conducted based on the baseline data of the Employees' Health Cohort Study of Iran (EHCSIR). The 33-item Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) was administered to measure smartphone addiction. The Persian version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 2.1) was used to identify lifetime OCD in the baseline assessment. Multiple regression analyses were performed to assess the association of OCD with SA and the six dimensions of SAS after adjusting for sociodemographic and job-related variables.
resultsOf the 3,945 participants (mean age = 42.9 years, female = 64.3%), 438 subjects (11.1%) were smartphone-addicted. The prevalence of lifetime OCD was 2.5%. Lifetime OCD was significantly associated with smartphone addiction (OR = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.44-3.58). In addition, lifetime OCD was associated with five dimensions of SAS: daily life disturbance (p-value < 0.05), positive anticipation (p < .05), withdrawal (p < .01), cyberspace-oriented relationship (p < .01), and overuse (p < .01).
conclusionsOCD was associated with a higher likelihood of smartphone addiction and several dimensions of problematic smartphone use. These findings highlight the relevance of psychiatric disorders in shaping digital behavior and may inform interventions targeting mental health in the workplace. Given the cross-sectional design and reliance on self-reported data, causality cannot be inferred and reporting bias may exist. Future studies incorporating objective usage measures and considering additional psychological factors (e.g., stress, impulsivity) are warranted.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.