Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41484927›Full record

ReviewMilitary Medical Research2026

Artificial intelligence in digital pathology diagnosis and analysis: technologies, challenges, and future prospects.

Xiu-Ming Zhang, Tian-Hong Gao, Qiu-Yu Cai, Jia-Bin Xia, Yu-Ning Sun, Jian Yang, Wei-Han Li, Sheng-Xu-Ming Zhang, Heng-Rui Lou, Xiao-Tian Yu and 20 more

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Military Medical Research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
14citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

14 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Review
  5. Review
  6. Article
  7. AI-Enhanced POCUS in Emergency Care.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
    Review
  8. Review
  9. Review
  10. Review
  11. Article
  12. Review
  13. Article
  14. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

30 authors.

Xiu-Ming Zhang *Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
Tian-Hong Gao *School of Software Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
Qiu-Yu Cai *Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
Jia-Bin XiaSchool of Software Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
Yu-Ning SunSchool of Software Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
Jian YangSchool of Software Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
Wei-Han LiSchool of Software Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
Sheng-Xu-Ming ZhangSchool of Software Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
Heng-Rui LouSchool of Software Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
Xiao-Tian YuState Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
Kai-Wen HuState Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
Jing-Wen YeDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore.
Jin-Xing ZhangDepartment of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China.
Jie LeiCollege of Computer Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
Le-Chao ChengSchool of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230000, China.
Lin-Jie XuDepartment of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
Qing ChenDepartment of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
He-Xiang WangDepartment of Radiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China.
Mei-Fu GanDepartment of Pathology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China.
Cheng LuDepartment of Radiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
Nan PuThe Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, 38123, Trento, Italy.
Ming-Li SongState Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
Xin ChenDepartment of Radiology, School of Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
Wen-Jie LiangDepartment of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
Han LvDepartment of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100000, China.
Chao-Qing XuState Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China. xucq@hzcu.edu.cn.
Zai-Yi LiuDepartment of Radiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China. liuzaiyi@gdph.org.cn.
Jing ZhangDepartment of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China. jzhang1989@zju.edu.cn.
Kai YanDepartment of Neonatology, Children Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China. fhyankai@gmail.com.
Zun-Lei FengSchool of Software Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China. zunleifeng@zju.edu.cn.ORCID 0000-0001-8640-8434

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) offers transformative potential in pathology, where histopathological images remain the diagnostic gold standard due to their rich morphological and molecular information. While the rapid development of AI-driven computational pathology tools is revolutionizing disease interpretation, these technologies have not yet been systematically evaluated. Therefore, this review systematically evaluates AI applications across the diagnostic continuum, from image preprocessing and tumor classification to prognostic stratification and the discovery of predictive biomarkers. It presents a technical taxonomy of the algorithms and foundation models powering these applications, benchmarking their performance across diverse diagnostic tasks through rigorous comparative analyses. It also identifies critical challenges in clinical translation, including computational scaling, noisy annotations, interpretability gaps, and domain shifts. Finally, it proposes a roadmap for advancing AI applications in precision oncology and pathological research. By bridging technological innovation with clinical needs, this review aims to accelerate the integration of robust, unified, scalable AI solutions into diagnostic workflows.

Indexed as

Artificial IntelligencePathologyHumansArtificial intelligence (AI)Pathology foundation modelPathology imagesQuantitative feature

Identifiers

PMID41484927
PMCPMC12765299

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.