In vitro remineralization effectiveness of eggshell extract on human teeth: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

K P Indumathi, N Vivek, N S Naveenraj

Abstract readSystematic ReviewMeta-Analysis

In one paragraph

Synthesis in Odontology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

K P IndumathiDepartment of Public Health Dentistry, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu-603203, India. indumatp@srmist.edu.in.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9016-8557

N VivekDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu-603203, India.

N S NaveenrajDepartment of Public Health Dentistry, Chennai, Tamil Nadu-637203, India.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the in vitro effectiveness of eggshell extract in remineralizing enamel, focusing on outcomes, such as microhardness, surface roughness, and calcium/phosphate (Ca/P) ratios. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar for studies published between January 2005 and October 2024. Seventeen eligible in vitro studies involving extracted human or bovine teeth were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the QUIN tool. Meta-analysis using a random-effects model showed that eggshell extract significantly improved enamel microhardness (Cohen's d = 0.45, 95% CI 0.30-0.60, p < 0.05) and reduced surface roughness (Cohen's d = - 0.50, 95% CI - 0.70 to - 0.30, p < 0.01). The Ca/P ratio also improved. Moderate heterogeneity (I

Indexed as

Dental EnamelEgg ShellTooth RemineralizationAnimalsCattleHumansIn Vitro TechniquesBiomaterialsEggshell extractEnamelFluoride alternativeRemineralization

Identifiers

PMID41484659

DOI10.1007/s10266-025-01265-4

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.