ArticleBiological trace element research2026
Cow, Buffalo and Goat Milk as a Pathway for Heavy Metal Exposure from Coal Mining Activities with Spatial and Species-Specific Health Risk Evaluation.
Article in Biological trace element research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Biomonitoring of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Hair and Serum of Buffaloes from Coal Mining Zones of Chakwal, Pakistan.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Potentially Toxic Element (PTE) Contamination in Raw Cow Milk: Insights into Concentration Levels and Dietary Exposure Risk Assessment.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Milk acts as an essential pathway for heavy metal contaminants mainly in regions influenced by coal mining activities. Research emphasizes on spatial, age based and interspecies differences and associated human health risks. Milk samples were collected from cows, goats and buffaloes reared in two coal mining regions from district Chakwal, Pakistan. Milk samples were analyzed for cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr) and iron (Fe) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Age related patterns revealed that Cd (cows: 0.11-0.25 mg/L; goats: 0.13-0.18 mg/L; buffaloes: 0.09-0.19 mg/L), Cu (0.45-0.89; 0.36-0.54; 0.17-0.35 mg/L), Cr (0.10-0.35; 0.30-0.36; 0.09-0.29 mg/L) and Mn (0.35-0.68; 0.34-0.85; 0.60-0.72 mg/L) concentrations increased with advancing age while Zn and Fe showed a declining trend. Spatial analysis displayed that milk samples from Choa contained higher concentrations of most metals compared to Minhala. Among the species, buffalo milk exhibited lower metal accumulation. Health hazard investigation based on estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI) and carcinogenic risk (CR) demonstrated higher hazard levels in children because of lessened body mass and greater milk consumption. In some cases, HI values for children exceeded the acceptable threshold (> 1) and CR levels for Cd and Cr surpassed permissible range (TCR = 0.0124). The results underscore potential of milk as a major exposure pathway for metals in coal mining regions and emphasize the requirement for constant inspecting and mitigation tactics to guard public health.
Indexed as
Identifiers
41483331What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.