ArticleIn vivo (Athens, Greece)
Antispasmodic and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Kratom Leaf Extract on Acetic Acid-induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice.
Article in In vivo (Athens, Greece). The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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7 authors.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/
aimUlcerative colitis (UC) is colonic inflammation associated with increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and disturbances of immune responses. Mitragynine is the most abundant active alkaloid in MATERIALS AND
methodsMice were divided into six groups (n=9): control; colitis; colitis plus syrup with kratom extract containing 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg mitragynine; and a positive control group treated with 4 mg/kg loperamide. The treatments were orally administered for 5 days after colitis was induced by transrectal administration of 5% acetic acid.
resultsThe results showed that syrup with 10 and 20 mg/kg mitragynine significantly alleviated colonic tissue damage caused by acetic acid-induced colitis. Furthermore, the disease activity index, colonic weight, colonic lesions, and levels of malondialdehyde and inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β) decreased in these groups in comparison with the colitis-only group. With regard to antispasmodic activity, kratom extract significantly increased colonic smooth muscle relaxation by acting on μ-opioid receptor signaling and inhibited induced muscular contraction in mice with colitis. Moreover, kratom extract attenuated nitric oxide levels and enhanced the phagocytic activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages.
conclusionKratom leaf extract, which contains mitragynine, alleviated acetic acid-induced colitis in mice by modulating immune responses and by its anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antispasmodic effects. Therefore, kratom leaves may be an effective therapeutic candidate for subsequent development as a multitarget drug for UC.
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