Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41481443›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2026

Fluorinated lipid nanoparticles enable real-time tracking of mRNA delivery and uncover spatiotemporal mechanisms of immune activation.

Kairu Xie, Lijun Zhu, Mojie Duan, Yu Fu, Haiqiang Wang, Yuhan Shen, Yu Li, Ruifang Wang, Zhong-Xing Jiang, Shizhen Chen and 3 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Kairu Xie *State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, China.ORCID 0000-0001-9349-6575
Lijun Zhu *State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, China.
Mojie DuanState Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, China.ORCID 0000-0002-5496-832X
Yu FuState Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, China.
Haiqiang WangState Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, China.
Yuhan ShenState Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, China.ORCID 0009-0002-2933-6002
Yu LiState Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, China.ORCID 0009-0002-9085-8803
Ruifang WangState Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, China.
Zhong-Xing JiangState Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, China.ORCID 0000-0003-2601-4366
Shizhen ChenState Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, China.
Jung Soo SukDepartment of Neurosurgery and Medicine Institute for Neuroscience Discovery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201.
Daiqin ChenState Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, China.ORCID 0000-0001-8839-1410
Xin ZhouState Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, China.ORCID 0000-0002-5580-7907

Funding

Hubei Provincial Key Technology Foundation of China 2021ACA013Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, CAS ZDBS-LY-JSC004Major Program (JD) of Hubei Province 2023BAA021MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) 22374157MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) 821127802Strategic Priority Research Program, CAS XDB0540000Strategic Priority Research Program, CAS XDC0170000
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines rely on lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for in vivo delivery, yet conventional formulations exhibit inefficient tissue targeting, undesired hepatic accumulation, and limited understanding of the delivery-response relationship, constraining their therapeutic precision and safety. Here, we report the development of fluorinated LNPs (FLNPs) that enable real-time tracking of mRNA biodistribution and expression via

Indexed as

LipidsNanoparticlesRNA, MessengerAnimalsHalogenationLiposomesMiceMice, Inbred C57BLTissue DistributionLipid NanoparticlesLipidsLiposomesRNA, Messenger19F magnetic resonance spectroscopyfluorinationlipid nanoparticlesmRNA vaccinenucleic acid delivery

Identifiers

PMID41481443
PMCPMC12773726

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.