ArticleMicrobial biotechnology2026
Cyanobacterial Extracellular Vesicles as Protein Carriers: Towards Fish Vaccination.
Article in Microbial biotechnology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Biomedical Research and Clinical Translation.Microbial biotechnology · 2026Review
- Cyanobacterial Extracellular Vesicles as Protein Carriers: Towards Fish Vaccination.Microbial biotechnology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Fish aquaculture faces significant economic losses from disease outbreaks. Vaccination is the most effective prevention strategy, and bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) show promise as vaccine platforms due to their strong immuno-stimulating properties. However, the application of EVs derived from pathogenic bacteria is limited by toxicity risks and production challenges. Alternatively, genetic engineering of non-pathogenic microorganisms is being explored to produce tailored EVs to deliver antigens and serve as carriers of therapeutic proteins. Recently, we have engineered the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 for the expression of the reporter green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) and its targeting to EVs. Here, taking advantage of the Synechocystis sfGFP-loaded EVs, the stability of vesicles and their cargo was evaluated in the long term when stored under different temperature conditions and after freeze-drying. The possibility of using Synechocystis EVs as a tool for eliciting specific/adaptive immune responses was assessed in European seabass, a high commercial value fish, by following the amount of total and sfGFP-specific immunoglobulins produced after immunisation through injection. Synechocystis EVs were shown to be resilient nanostructures that can induce specific immune responses in fish with additional adjuvant features. This represents a biotechnological breakthrough towards a novel antigen-carrier platform for sustainable fish-pathogen control.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.