Integrative linkage and recombination analysis of 25 X-STRs across 7 linkage groups using pedigree-based and SNP-based strategies.

Introduction: X-chromosomal short tandem repeats (X-STRs) are valuable genetic markers in forensic science for resolving complex kinship scenarios. However, the linkage relationship and recombination of X-STRs remain poorly characterized. Methods: Based on high-density SNP data with relatively low mutation rates, we developed a pedigree-based method to analyze the recombination relationships between these X-STR linkage groups (LGs). We used X-STRs data from 66 two-generation families and X-SNPs data from 602 X-chromosomal SNP trios from the 1000 Genomes Project. We investigated the linkage relationships among 25 X-STR loci, grouped into seven LGs, including three identified regions (Xp21.1, Xq21.31, Xq23) and four Argus X-12 (Xp22.2, Xq12, Xq26, Xq28), provided broader coverage linkage groups of X-STR. Results: We found strong intra-group linkage (Maximum logarithm of odds (MLOD) > 5) and near independence between groups (MLOD <1). Estimated recombination rates of X-STR data ranged from 0.0000 to 0.0487 within LGs, and from 0.1561 to 0.4133 between LGs, while the recombination fraction between the 7 linkage groups occurred in approximately 50% of informative meioses. LD decay analysis showed that Discussion: The family-based methods with X-SNP provide a more robust framework for evaluating X-STR linkage with the advantage of a relatively low mutation rate, high density and phased, particularly for newly developed loci lacking extensive haplotype databases. Conclusion: These findings contribute to a more precise understanding of X-STR inheritance and enhance their reliability in forensic kinship analysis.