Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41478971›Full record

ArticleMethods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)2026

3D Spheroid Model: A Methodological Approach for Advancing Cancer and Immunology Research.

Danielle C Rouse, Saurabh Agarwal

Abstract read
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Danielle C RouseDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY, USA.
Saurabh AgarwalDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY, USA. agarwals@stjohns.edu.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) spheroid cultures are revolutionizing immunology and cancer research by offering physiologically relevant models that mimic the complexity of in vivo tissues. Unlike traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures, 3D spheroids recapitulate the architecture, cell-cell interactions, and microenvironmental conditions of native tissues. Therefore, these 3D systems bridge the gap between simple 2D culture methods and complex animal models by providing an intermediate that balances control with biological relevance. This chapter explores the use of 3D spheroids in understanding immune dynamics and developing therapeutic strategies for cancer.

Indexed as

Cell Culture TechniquesCell Culture Techniques, Three DimensionalNeoplasmsSpheroids, CellularAnimalsCell CommunicationCell Line, TumorHumansTumor Microenvironment3D spheroidCancer developmentDrug repurposingDrug screeningImmunology methodsImmunotherapyNeuroblastomaTumor modeling

Identifiers

PMID41478971

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.