ArticleBiosensors & bioelectronics2026
Smartphone-integrated lateral flow assay for robust detection of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol.
Article in Biosensors & bioelectronics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Nanomaterial-enabled bioanalytical sensing for doping detection: a critical review of signal transduction, matrix effects, and translation barriers.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2026Review
- Electron-Donating Benzenethiols Direct Rapid Formation of Plasmonic Gold Nanoflowers.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- Programmable AND-gate strategy to reduce false positives in rolling circle amplification.Biosensors & bioelectronics · 2026Article
- Biosensors as transformative tools for multiplex detection of respiratory viral pathogens.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of cannabis use necessitates accurate and accessible monitoring methods to mitigate substance-associated risks and enhance public safety. We present iLine (integrated lateral-flow assay with intensity normalization and enhancement) for sensitive and on-site quantification of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive component of cannabis. The iLine platform incorporates i) gold nanoclusters for enhanced optical signals and ii) a smartphone-based imaging system with intelligent algorithms to ensure consistent signal acquisition. These features enable a portable, hardware-minimal THC detection while maintaining laboratory-grade performance in real-world conditions. Specifically, iLine achieved a detection limit of 0.12 ng/mL for THC, representing an 85-fold improvement over conventional lateral-flow assays. The analytical performance was highly robust, with coefficient of variation values < 2 % under diverse imaging conditions, including daylight, direct lamp illumination, and shadow environments. When applied to human saliva samples, iLine successfully differentiated cannabis users (n = 10) from non-users (n = 10) within 10 min. The iLine approach facilitates the use of smartphones as ubiquitous detectors, broadening access to THC testing in field applications.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.