ArticleThe American journal of geriatric psychiatry. Open science, education, and practice2025
Bidirectional Associations Between Obesity and Depressive Symptoms: Results From the Multiethnic Postmenopausal Cohort of the Women's Health Initiative Study.
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Article in The American journal of geriatric psychiatry. Open science, education, and practice, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1citing papers in PubMed
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Obesity, incretin-based therapies, and cardiovascular disease in women.Netherlands heart journal : monthly journal of the Netherlands Society of Cardiology and the Netherlands Heart Foundation · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Nicole P YuanDepartment of Health Promotion Sciences (NPY, EI, JWB), Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (HB, CH, ZC), Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Psychiatry (JFK), College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science and Division of Geriatrics (AHS), Gerontology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (JCW), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and, by Courtesy, Obstetrics and Gynecology (JCW), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA; Clinical Sciences Department (NS), College of Medicine, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia; Department of Preventive Medicine (PAR, MC), The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (SF), School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and the Mount Sinai - Morningside/West Psychiatry Residency (TJ), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. Send correspondence and reprint requests to: Nicole P. Yuan, PhD, MPH, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona, 1295 North Martin Avenue, PO Box 245219, Tucson, AZ 85724.
Hamza ButtDepartment of Health Promotion Sciences (NPY, EI, JWB), Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (HB, CH, ZC), Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Psychiatry (JFK), College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science and Division of Geriatrics (AHS), Gerontology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (JCW), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and, by Courtesy, Obstetrics and Gynecology (JCW), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA; Clinical Sciences Department (NS), College of Medicine, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia; Department of Preventive Medicine (PAR, MC), The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (SF), School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and the Mount Sinai - Morningside/West Psychiatry Residency (TJ), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. Send correspondence and reprint requests to: Nicole P. Yuan, PhD, MPH, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona, 1295 North Martin Avenue, PO Box 245219, Tucson, AZ 85724.
Jordan F KarpDepartment of Health Promotion Sciences (NPY, EI, JWB), Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (HB, CH, ZC), Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Psychiatry (JFK), College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science and Division of Geriatrics (AHS), Gerontology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (JCW), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and, by Courtesy, Obstetrics and Gynecology (JCW), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA; Clinical Sciences Department (NS), College of Medicine, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia; Department of Preventive Medicine (PAR, MC), The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (SF), School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and the Mount Sinai - Morningside/West Psychiatry Residency (TJ), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. Send correspondence and reprint requests to: Nicole P. Yuan, PhD, MPH, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona, 1295 North Martin Avenue, PO Box 245219, Tucson, AZ 85724.
Eniola IdowuDepartment of Health Promotion Sciences (NPY, EI, JWB), Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (HB, CH, ZC), Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Psychiatry (JFK), College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science and Division of Geriatrics (AHS), Gerontology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (JCW), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and, by Courtesy, Obstetrics and Gynecology (JCW), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA; Clinical Sciences Department (NS), College of Medicine, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia; Department of Preventive Medicine (PAR, MC), The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (SF), School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and the Mount Sinai - Morningside/West Psychiatry Residency (TJ), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. Send correspondence and reprint requests to: Nicole P. Yuan, PhD, MPH, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona, 1295 North Martin Avenue, PO Box 245219, Tucson, AZ 85724.
Chengcheng HuDepartment of Health Promotion Sciences (NPY, EI, JWB), Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (HB, CH, ZC), Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Psychiatry (JFK), College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science and Division of Geriatrics (AHS), Gerontology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (JCW), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and, by Courtesy, Obstetrics and Gynecology (JCW), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA; Clinical Sciences Department (NS), College of Medicine, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia; Department of Preventive Medicine (PAR, MC), The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (SF), School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and the Mount Sinai - Morningside/West Psychiatry Residency (TJ), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. Send correspondence and reprint requests to: Nicole P. Yuan, PhD, MPH, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona, 1295 North Martin Avenue, PO Box 245219, Tucson, AZ 85724.
Aladdin H ShadyabDepartment of Health Promotion Sciences (NPY, EI, JWB), Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (HB, CH, ZC), Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Psychiatry (JFK), College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science and Division of Geriatrics (AHS), Gerontology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (JCW), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and, by Courtesy, Obstetrics and Gynecology (JCW), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA; Clinical Sciences Department (NS), College of Medicine, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia; Department of Preventive Medicine (PAR, MC), The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (SF), School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and the Mount Sinai - Morningside/West Psychiatry Residency (TJ), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. Send correspondence and reprint requests to: Nicole P. Yuan, PhD, MPH, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona, 1295 North Martin Avenue, PO Box 245219, Tucson, AZ 85724.
Julie C WeitlaufDepartment of Health Promotion Sciences (NPY, EI, JWB), Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (HB, CH, ZC), Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Psychiatry (JFK), College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science and Division of Geriatrics (AHS), Gerontology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (JCW), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and, by Courtesy, Obstetrics and Gynecology (JCW), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA; Clinical Sciences Department (NS), College of Medicine, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia; Department of Preventive Medicine (PAR, MC), The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (SF), School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and the Mount Sinai - Morningside/West Psychiatry Residency (TJ), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. Send correspondence and reprint requests to: Nicole P. Yuan, PhD, MPH, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona, 1295 North Martin Avenue, PO Box 245219, Tucson, AZ 85724.
Nazmus SaquibDepartment of Health Promotion Sciences (NPY, EI, JWB), Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (HB, CH, ZC), Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Psychiatry (JFK), College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science and Division of Geriatrics (AHS), Gerontology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (JCW), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and, by Courtesy, Obstetrics and Gynecology (JCW), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA; Clinical Sciences Department (NS), College of Medicine, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia; Department of Preventive Medicine (PAR, MC), The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (SF), School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and the Mount Sinai - Morningside/West Psychiatry Residency (TJ), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. Send correspondence and reprint requests to: Nicole P. Yuan, PhD, MPH, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona, 1295 North Martin Avenue, PO Box 245219, Tucson, AZ 85724.
Jennifer W BeaDepartment of Health Promotion Sciences (NPY, EI, JWB), Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (HB, CH, ZC), Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Psychiatry (JFK), College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science and Division of Geriatrics (AHS), Gerontology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (JCW), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and, by Courtesy, Obstetrics and Gynecology (JCW), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA; Clinical Sciences Department (NS), College of Medicine, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia; Department of Preventive Medicine (PAR, MC), The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (SF), School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and the Mount Sinai - Morningside/West Psychiatry Residency (TJ), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. Send correspondence and reprint requests to: Nicole P. Yuan, PhD, MPH, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona, 1295 North Martin Avenue, PO Box 245219, Tucson, AZ 85724.
Phyllis A RicheyDepartment of Health Promotion Sciences (NPY, EI, JWB), Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (HB, CH, ZC), Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Psychiatry (JFK), College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science and Division of Geriatrics (AHS), Gerontology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (JCW), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and, by Courtesy, Obstetrics and Gynecology (JCW), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA; Clinical Sciences Department (NS), College of Medicine, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia; Department of Preventive Medicine (PAR, MC), The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (SF), School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and the Mount Sinai - Morningside/West Psychiatry Residency (TJ), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. Send correspondence and reprint requests to: Nicole P. Yuan, PhD, MPH, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona, 1295 North Martin Avenue, PO Box 245219, Tucson, AZ 85724.
Shawna FollisDepartment of Health Promotion Sciences (NPY, EI, JWB), Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (HB, CH, ZC), Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Psychiatry (JFK), College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science and Division of Geriatrics (AHS), Gerontology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (JCW), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and, by Courtesy, Obstetrics and Gynecology (JCW), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA; Clinical Sciences Department (NS), College of Medicine, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia; Department of Preventive Medicine (PAR, MC), The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (SF), School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and the Mount Sinai - Morningside/West Psychiatry Residency (TJ), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. Send correspondence and reprint requests to: Nicole P. Yuan, PhD, MPH, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona, 1295 North Martin Avenue, PO Box 245219, Tucson, AZ 85724.
Mace CodayDepartment of Health Promotion Sciences (NPY, EI, JWB), Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (HB, CH, ZC), Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Psychiatry (JFK), College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science and Division of Geriatrics (AHS), Gerontology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (JCW), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and, by Courtesy, Obstetrics and Gynecology (JCW), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA; Clinical Sciences Department (NS), College of Medicine, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia; Department of Preventive Medicine (PAR, MC), The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (SF), School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and the Mount Sinai - Morningside/West Psychiatry Residency (TJ), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. Send correspondence and reprint requests to: Nicole P. Yuan, PhD, MPH, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona, 1295 North Martin Avenue, PO Box 245219, Tucson, AZ 85724.
Tamar JacobsohnDepartment of Health Promotion Sciences (NPY, EI, JWB), Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (HB, CH, ZC), Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Psychiatry (JFK), College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science and Division of Geriatrics (AHS), Gerontology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (JCW), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and, by Courtesy, Obstetrics and Gynecology (JCW), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA; Clinical Sciences Department (NS), College of Medicine, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia; Department of Preventive Medicine (PAR, MC), The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (SF), School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and the Mount Sinai - Morningside/West Psychiatry Residency (TJ), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. Send correspondence and reprint requests to: Nicole P. Yuan, PhD, MPH, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona, 1295 North Martin Avenue, PO Box 245219, Tucson, AZ 85724.
Zhao ChenDepartment of Health Promotion Sciences (NPY, EI, JWB), Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (HB, CH, ZC), Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Department of Psychiatry (JFK), College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science and Division of Geriatrics (AHS), Gerontology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (JCW), Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and, by Courtesy, Obstetrics and Gynecology (JCW), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA; Clinical Sciences Department (NS), College of Medicine, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia; Department of Preventive Medicine (PAR, MC), The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (SF), School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and the Mount Sinai - Morningside/West Psychiatry Residency (TJ), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. Send correspondence and reprint requests to: Nicole P. Yuan, PhD, MPH, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona, 1295 North Martin Avenue, PO Box 245219, Tucson, AZ 85724.
Funding
WOMEN'S HEALTH INITIATIVE - CLINICAL COORDINATING CENTER: TASK AREA B - LONG LIFE STUDY VISIT 2 LIMITED HOME VISIT75N92021D00001 · NHLBI · FRED HUTCHINSON CANCER RESEARCH CENTER · PI ANDERSON, GARNET L. · 2021 to 2025
$52.0MWOMEN'S HEALTH INITIATIVE (WHI) REGIONAL CENTER (RC): TASK AREA A AND A275N92021D00002 · NHLBI · STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO · PI WACTAWSKI-WENDE, JEAN · 2021 to 2025
$6.9MWOMEN'S HEALTH INITIATIVE (WHI) REGIONAL CENTER (RC) - TO EXERCISE OPTION PERIOD ONE (1) AND REVISE CONTRACT ARTICLES.75N92021D00004 · NHLBI · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI STEFANICK, MARCIA · 2021 to 2025
$6.5MWOMEN'S HEALTH INITIATIVE (WHI) REGIONAL CENTER (RC) - TO EXERCISE OPTION PERIOD ONE (1) AND REVISE CONTRACT ARTICLES.75N92021D00003 · NHLBI · OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY · PI JACKSON, REBECCA · 2021 to 2025
$5.0MWOMEN'S HEALTH INITIATIVE (WHI) REGIONAL CENTER (RC) - TO EXERCISE OPTION PERIOD ONE (1) AND REVISE CONTRACT ARTICLES.75N92021D00005 · NHLBI · WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · PI VITOLINS, MARA · 2021 to 2025
$4.2MExamining the Role of Structural Factors in Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Cardiovascular DiseaseK99HL169908 · NHLBI · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI FOLLIS, SHAWNA · 2023 to 2024
$307kNHLBI NIH HHS 75N92021D00001NHLBI NIH HHS 75N92021D00002NHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201600001CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201600002CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201600003CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201600004CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201600018CNHLBI NIH HHS K99 HL169908WHI NIH HHS 75N92021D00003WHI NIH HHS 75N92021D00004WHI NIH HHS 75N92021D00005
Abstract
Objectives: Although obesity and depression are prevalent among postmenopausal women, few cohort studies have examined the association between obesity and depression among this population. We examined longitudinal and bidirectional associations between obesity and depressive symptoms among U. S. postmenopausal women. Design: We analyzed data from Women's Health Initiative (WHI) study. Participants: Sample consisted of 95,238 postmenopausal women, aged 50-79, from the WHI study who had obesity and depression data at baseline and 3-year follow-up. Measurements: The dataset included anthropometric measurements of height and weight and the Burnam self-report screening instrument for depression. We conducted logistic regression analyses to assess the bidirectional association between obesity and depressive symptoms, adjusting for confounding factors, including age, race, ethnicity, years since menopause, marital status, education, employment status, and family income. Results: At baseline, 11.3% of the women reported depressive symptoms and 25% were categorized as obese (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m Conclusions: Our findings of longitudinal and bidirectional associations between obesity and depressive symptoms highlight the importance of addressing both diseases among postmenopausal women in the U.S.
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Depressive symptomslongitudinal researchobesitypostmenopausal women
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